Writer compare

The writer is Pharisee. I do not get any background about the writer. 2. The writer want us to know not everyone is suitable for taking college. The writer hope us can embrace her opinion. 3. The topic is the title â€Å"Is college for everyone†. I think this is a very common, popular topic.We still no consistent conclusion on this topic. . People still believe college education is the key to happiness and success for everyone. 5. A point, â€Å"the US, approximately 50% of students who begin college never graduate. There exist students who are not yet ready for the academic and financial challenges of college. There exist students who do not have the desire for college or learning. Some students may be better suited for a different type of education, If any. â€Å". Uses logic. And another point, â€Å"There are jobs that do not require a college education. Some work can be learned on the job, or from a trade school.We need fork lift rivers, factory workers, sales clerks a nd cashiers. What would we do without tractor- trailer drivers, mail carriers and construction workers? † 6. The writers thesis is college is not for everyone. We can find from these two sentences† Refuse to accept the political correctness that says all of our citizens should receive a higher education. Embrace the reality that college is not for everyone. † 7. The writer talk student's purpose and financial challenges of college and let us think if it is wroth to send students to take college. I think the writer provides a clear, sober and well- written analysis of his opinion. . For example, according to â€Å"We need to start distinguishing between the right to an education, and the benefit of an education. College does not benefit everyone. Not everyone should attend college. ‘We can see college is kind of business right now. The writer want us to think it very carefully. This opinion.The writer compare people who has higher education and lower educatio n to prove his opinion,†higher education is not the key to happiness and success for every person. † 1 1 . I think college is not for everyone. Not everyone likes studying. Someone also can have great achievement without college education.College is kind of waste for them, like Bill Gates. I agree with writer's opinion. I think this is a bold opinion. Summary The writer talk about the academic and financial challenges of college to show us some students are not comfortable in taking college. And He talk about college is business right now. People need to think about the benefit of an education. The writer want us to know College does not benefit everyone and higher education is not the key to happiness and success for every person. People can have happiness without college education. All in all, the thesis is college is not for everyone.

Assess Himmler’s role and significance in WWII conflict Essay

Himmler fueled by his extreme racial ideology of the destiny of a Great German Empire and his rooted hatred for Jews was one of the key mechanisms for which established his role and significance within the conflict of WWII as the architect of genocide through the propagandistic manipulation of the SS mentality in calcifying them against the sheer immorality of the elimination of the Jews. His philosophical belief of the war as a struggle of races nevertheless were occasionally compromised by the necessity of military personnel towards the end of the war and economic necessities which the Jewish population had the potential of providing. This leads to his role in directly implementing policies to fund the SS and thus ensure its ongoing influence throughout the war, as well as assisting the war effort through forced labour over building roads and canals. Despite this, Himmler’s key contribution to the nature of the war was the elimination of the Jews. Himmler throughout the course of WWII maintained the fundamental and powerful racial ideology of the superiority and inevitable conquest of the Germanic-Nordic. The rooted hatred of Jews was the ultimate racial and ideological foe of Hitler, as he stated himself in a speech in 1943 to the SS â€Å"This is a struggle of races.† It is through this belief of the war as a means of conquering a racial enemy and through such asserting German power with Lebensraum provided the basis for which established Himmler’s role within the conflict as the man who significantly orchestrated the attempted extermination of the Jewish race. The genocide which Himmler facilitated in implementing was the expression of one of Hitler’s key war aims to conquer the Jewish threat, and assert racial superiority of the Aryan race, of which Himmler undoubtedly shared and was, delegated the task of administering the racial polices. Thus, Himmler monitored a campaign of which involved his own private army, designed to wipe out the enemies of Nazism behind the lines- that is, in the Eastern areas already conquered by the troops. The need for the future was to incorporate all the Nordic peoples into the Germanic Reich and eliminate those who were alien and inferior of which did not only comprise of Jews but also Mongols and the Asiatic race. This resulted in the ghettoisation and eventual resettlement of Jews, for example in 1942 Himmler ordered the total resettlement in concentration camps of the Polish Jews of which ultimately resulted in over three-quarters of the Warsaw Gehtto’s inhabitants being transported to Treblinka, the death camp. As a main architect of Genocide, he established Auschwitz which resulted in the mass extermination of two million Jews. Therefore, a large part of Himmler’s significance was his ability to implement into practice the mentality and ideals of Hitler and consequently be responsible for the enormity of human deaths and genocide. Himmler was also given the instruction to and was responsible for the Germanisation of conquered territory which consistent of his obsession with racial superiority inherently involved the elimination of unassimilable races. In Holland, Himmler’s deportation orders removed almost three-quarters of the Jewish population. In Yugoslavia and Greece, the proportion of Jewish losses by deportation was extremely heavy. The attempted racial cleansing of conquered- foreign nations demonstrate Himmler’s role within the conflict as not only attempting to eliminate an entire race, but also forcefully imposing Nazi racial ideologies and interest upon other nations, regardless of whether they had being won over by anti-semitism, as Italy had not being. This was done with the intent of fulfilling the racial aim of the war and the attainment of Lebensraum for which provided resources for the war effort and a step towards fulfilling Himmler’s goal of a powerful German-Nordic Empire. Himmler’s ideological standpoint played an important role not only in his implementation repression and murder against Jews but it was also a means of which Himmler hardened the SS psychologically to withstand the atrocities in implementing genocide. He offered the troops a vision of racial conflict throughout history in which the Jews played a critical part. Furthermore, through propagandistic speeches he accentuated the racial hated of the SS and compelled his men to realize the notion of murdering one’s own race if they don’t efficiently implement his policies of extermination through labour as â€Å"because if the anti-tank ditch is not dug, German soldiers will die†. Also, in order to ensure the efficiency in the implementation of his polices Himmler addressed commanding officers of the SS divisions where he spoke of the great fortress of Eurpoe of which they were privilege to defend and increase. Therefore, throughout the war Himmler’s role, specifically within the holocaust involved psychologically motivating and hardening his subordinates and those implementing the act of genocide through the propagandistic delivery of his own racial and philosophical ideologies, imposing them upon others and calcifying them against the atrocities they would implement. Himmler’s role in boosting the ‘morale’ of the SS was crucial to the extent of the exterminations. Furthermore, Himmler was significant in the establishment of death camps and labour camps which irrevocably set in motion the Final Solution, the systematic elimination of Jews, gypsies and homosexuals of Eastern Europe. Though Auschwitz was HImler’s principal death camp which consumed two million Jews, there were others in Poland and Russia at which the organized gassing and shooting of Jews, Slavs and gypsies took place during the years 1942-44. The policy was extermination through work for those prescribed as medically fit for labour, immediate extermination for the ill and old. Thus, the policy for mass extermination of Jews was combined the economically related interest of compelling the Jews to work to death in the prospect of the labour used for German’s war efforts. In addition, Himmler’s realization of the economic necessities has resulted in the outright sale of Jewish liberties. At the end of 1942 he financed an entire SS division in Hungary by the sale of emigration permits to Jews. As Padfied concluded, Himmler was in favour of compromise with his policy of extermination in certain cases where the financial gain far exceeded the disadvantage of the survival of certain Jews. Furthermore, Himmler’s interest in contributing to the overall national interest of contributing to the war effort through forced labour and his willingness to compromise his racial ideologies to serve practical economic necessities such as the maintenance of the SS demonstrates the notion that in addition to being the architect of genocide, he was also responsible for ensuring the continuous functioning of the SS and the somewhat limited products of forced labour, as a means of extermination. Nevertheless, maintaining an effective and operational SS was crucial to the success and extent of the extermination policies. Therefore, despite Himmler’s nuance in compromising racial ideals by selling Jewish liberties as in this example, the overall interest that underlines his motivations continue to be the fundamental philosophical belief of the unassimilability and danger of the Jewish race and the need for extermination in a war described by him in a 1942 speech as â€Å"a struggle of race†. The impact of Himmler’s racial policies of genocide affected the nature of the war in that it is one which involved the systematic elimination of a race, as it is not just the outcome of total war, which Himmler claimed it to be in 1944 but also it was inherently a part of a nation’s purpose to the war and the means of achieving a philosophical and ideological goal. However, Himmler’s role within the war was not limited to the question of race, by 1943 due to the fall of Stalingrad and reverses in Africa, Hitler allowed for the expansion of the Waffen SS. Thus, by 1943, short on German SS personnel Himmler recruited 8 new divisions of men of which none were of German racial origin. For example, Bosnian Moslems were recruited and an entire SS division of anti-Bolshevist Ukrainians were formed. The effectiveness of these SS divisions in serving the needs of the German army varied however overall its inability to alter the direction of the war after Stalingrad and the expansion of Himmler’s military ambitions towards the end of the war demonstrate the somewhat limited significance he played to the overall outcome of the war. Furthermore, this can be seen towards the end of the war where Himmler under the pressure of both the advancing Russian army and Hitler’s rage drove him into retreat and lose regard for his armies, thus conducting a purge.

Oscar Triplett Case Analysis

Triplett had been in insane asylums before and was released but still considered mentally unstable, which reflects poorly upon the Canadian justice system at that time. At the inquest, various people admitted that they knew he was a danger in the days before he died yet only one person attempted anything and that strikes me as odd. The third discrepancy is why Mrs.. Temple was not punished in any way after having killed Triplett. She admitted that her shot took his life, the coroner's report corroborated with this admission of guilt and yet, she was not punished.Again, there re various reasons that could explain this and I will briefly look at each one. The fourth discrepancy Is how the police force and the detectives appear so uninterested In this case. A proper Investigation did not start until December 17th, 4 days after the death of Triplett. Even after the investigation had begun, there was no urgency to come to the bottom of what really happened. On December 13th 1918 Mrs.. Loi s May Temple shot, and killed, James Oscar Triplett in defense of her honor, her life and her daughter's life.That afternoon Jacob Statesman went to the Temples' house to make sure that Triplett had not harmed Mrs.. Temple or her daughter in any way. Shortly after Statesman had arrived they became aware that Triplett was at the house. Triplett kept threatening Mrs.. Temple and her young daughter, using obscene language, so both Statesman and Temple pointed guns at Triplett until he exited the house. Triplett began killing chickens in the hen house, throwing them around, until he finally went down to the river. When Triplett returned he climbed on top of the roof and sat there, yelling threats and random nonsense. On her way to the barn Mrs..Temple shot at Triplett, and both Statesman and Temple thought she had killed him then but they were incorrect. While Temple was at the barn Statesman tried to coax Triplett off the roof, firing four shots in his direction in the process. He even tually succeeded and then began chasing Triplett around the house while Mrs.. Temple was inside. Triplett tried entering the house through the back door but during his attempt both Statesman and Temple shot at him, Temple firing through the door and Statesman firing directly at him. They both agreed that it was Mrs.. Temple's shot that had killed him, and not Statesman's shot.For the most part, the statements of Jacob Statesman and Lois May Temple regarding the death of Oscar Triplett were identical. However, there were slight differences that were peculiar. The first noticeable difference was when they were describing when Mrs.. Temple first saw Triplett on the porch. She claimed that she had seen him before she reached the top of the hill and that he had opened the cellar door before Statesman reached the top of the hill. However, Statesman claimed that she had reached the top of the hill Detour seen screamed Tanat Earliest was on near porch, Ana Tanat en Ana wellness's t opening of the cellar door.The simplest explanation for this difference is that Statesman is smaller than Mrs.. Temple in height and that gives him a different view of the world than she has. Another explanation could be that during traumatic events, small details sometimes become trivial and are forgotten by the person in question. The second peculiarity is the issue of the guns. In both his statements Statesman recalled Mrs.. Temple asking him for help with loading the magazines; in the statement he gave at the inquest he claimed that had to show her how the guns worked and how to fill the magazine.The claim he made during his inquest statement is curious because Temple had already fired a shot before asking him for elf. Another reason it is curious is that Temple never mentioned needing help with how to work the guns in either of her statements. One explanation for this is that Statesman felt emasculated by the whole affair because he was unable to properly protect Mrs.. Temple and her c hild. Therefore, in his statements he tried to make himself appear more manly and helpful than he really was during the ordeal. The third difference in their statements is how many shots Statesman really fired.In his initial statement, he claimed that he had shot six in total – four whilst he was on the of, one discharge whilst chasing Triplett, and one when Triplett was trying to enter the house. However, during the inquest he only mentioned the last two shots; he said that he had never made it onto the roof, but in his initial statement he claimed he had made it onto the roof and that he had fired four shots at Triplett. Again, this could have been Statesman's way of fighting the emasculation he felt he had suffered. It is odd that he felt the need to make this claim in his first statement, when Mrs..Temple never mentioned it in either of her statements. Every person in the community agreed that Oscar Triplett was not a sane man. He had been an inmate in the Insane Asylum a t Pomona, but had been released for unknown reasons. It is unusual that every member of the community thought he was insane, and yet only one person admitted to having made any type of inquiry into the reasons behind his release. Dry James Miller bore witness that Triplett was â€Å"a man of unbalanced mind. † He felt that Triplett should never have been released from the asylum because he was a danger to himself and to the community.At the inquest, Dry Miller said that immediately after hearing that Triplett had been released from the asylum, he annotated the Provincial Police to discuss Triplet's liberty. According to Dry Miller, they told him that nothing could be done unless Triplett performed some act that would make another arrest possible. Despite Dry. Miller's personal inquiry into Triplet's liberty, the authorities did nothing until after his death and after the inquest. Attached to the verdict was a rider that stated that a full inquiry should be made into Triplet's release from Pomona, and his apparent rehabilitation when he was so obviously insane.James Chalmers had spent 36 hours with Triplett in the days leading up to his death. During this time, he noticed that Triplett was acting in an odd manner; he was restless and talkative, quite unlike himself. Chalmers admitted that after his last interaction with Triplett he was convinced that Triplett was insane, again, but he neglected to inform anyone on the basis that Triplet had done nothing to Justify an arrest. Levi Spangle encountered Oscar Triplett at his (Spangle) residence on the day before Triplet's death.He claimed that Triplett had walked Insane Ana Immolate Degas teenager toners Ana acting strange . HIS octagons caused Spangle to assume that Triplett was not of sane mind; Spangle left for own immediately after Triplett had departed and reported to the police, but they were unable to locate Triplett. Mrs.. Spangle concurred with her husband's opinion of Triplet's sanity. She alleged that Triplet's actions made her fearful for her life and the life of her daughter. Of all the people who gave testimony at the inquest, Mr.. Spangle was the only one who had notified the police of Triplet's insanity.It is peculiar that only one person had enough sense to notify the authorities that Triplett could possibly be a danger to others or himself. This is especially peculiar because everyone seemed to agree that he was insane and that he would end up in the asylum again. Triplet's liberty shows obvious error in the Canadian Justice system at this time, because he should not have been released from the asylum at Pomona. It also shows the misplaced faith that people had in the Justice system, since everyone assumed that the law would eventually step in and apprehend Triplett again, recommitting him to the insane asylum.When Mrs.. Temple was tried for Oscar Triplet's death, the Jury only took fifteen minutes to reach a verdict. Temple had admitted to killing Triplett and all th e physical evidence seemed to corroborate her Tory, yet the Jury verdict was that of â€Å"Justifiable homicide. † The Jury felt that Mrs.. Temple should have been commended for her actions because Triplett was assaulting her in her own home. It is possible that the Jury looked at this case and saw a poor, defenseless woman trying to protect herself and her daughter from a known lunatic.The Jury could have taken pity on her, because she basically had to decide between life and death. Her gender had to have swayed the Jury verdict because it is doubtful that they would have come to the same conclusion if a man had fired the fatal shot. This is so because not only Mrs.. Temple's life was at stake, but also the honor and the life of her infant daughter. This is very likely because the society at that time was an inherently chauvinistic society; women and men were not seen as equals, and women were considered to have less rights than men.Another possible reason for the lack of pu nishment is that most people felt that Mrs.. Temple did them a favor by ridding the world of a lunatic like Triplett. Therefore, why should she be punished for making the community a safer, more ordinary area to live in? The police who investigated the death of Oscar Triplett appeared to have little or no interest in the case, and arriving at the truth. A proper investigation into Triplet's death was not launched until 16 December 1918, three days after his death. Neither the coroner nor the investigating detective from Install arrived until early morning on 17 December 1918.There was no apparent urgency by anyone to come to the bottom of what happened: indeed the detective often took breaks to satiate his hunger and he took his time in pursuing the truth. Constable Marks received a wire on 13 December that notified him of Triplet's lunacy, but he did not leave for Horrors until the following day. He claimed this was because he required assistance in handling Oscar Triplett, yet he arrived in Horrors alone. Constable Marks alleged that even if he had left for Horrors immediately after receiving the wire, he would not have reached the Temples' residence before Triplet's death.It is possible that he felt compelled to mention this because he felt slightly guilty that the case transpired this way; however it shows the town people's disinterest in everything concerning I reelect – no one put too much effort In along Walt ml. A possible reason Deanna the authorities' disinterest in this case was because they saw little point in investigating the death of a lunatic. It would be interesting to know whether they would have acted in the same manner if Triplett had been a sane man, even though it is unlikely that they would have been so lax about investigating the case.This lack of interest shows the Canadian Justice system's predisposition to Judging the importance of various cases based on the character of the victim. Mrs.. Lois May Temple admitted to having kil led Oscar James Triplett, and the evidence and eyewitness testimony of Jacob Statesman did not disagree with her. However, the case document of Oscar Triplet's death had various peculiarities that made the hole affair seem quite unusual. The document shows human error – that of eyewitness testimony; this is a result of the human brain working in mysterious ways.In the event of a trauma some details will remain engraved in one's memory, no matter how insignificant they are; other details will be blocked by one's memory as being too traumatic. This was most likely the case concerning Mrs.. Temple and Jacob Statesman. The case document also shows how life worked in remote communities of Canada in the early 20th century. In those years, people were less apprehensive of the criminally insane than people today. If a known lunatic, such as Oscar Triplett, were allowed to roam free in a 21st century society there would be a colossal outcry by the members of society.They would be more outspoken about their fears and trepidation as a result of his liberty than people in 1918 would be. The case document also gives some insight into how the Canadian Justice system worked, especially in remote areas of the country. The Justice system was more lax in those times than they are today, as were the police. They were also more inclined to be biased about issues such as gender when looking at various cases unlike the system n place today, which is generally not allowed to be biased on such things. This is a result of early 20th century societies being more sexist than societies in the 21st century.

Private sector involvement in environmental management Essay

Private sector involvement in environmental management - Essay Example There are various advantages that are associated with the involvement of the private sector in the issues of environmental management, more so, as regards the management of water resources and biodiversity. One of these advantages is the provision of technical assistance in the environmental management issues. The private sector may be well equipped and versed with technical expertise that is relevant for the management of water and biodiversity (Brown, Aradau, and Budds, 15). Thus, the involvement of the private sector in this practice will serve to ensure that such expertise is availed in the management of water and biodiversity projects. This ensures that the whole process becomes successful and is implemented within the shortest duration possible, in that the presence of technical assistance helps the whole project to run smoothly and efficiently, saving on the time that would be involved in correcting mistakes arising from the lack of technical skills in the project implementati on (17). Provision of private finance is the other advantage associated with the involvement of the private sector in environmental management programs (23). Such finances provided by the private institutions may be in form of loans or grants towards such projects. This is an advantage in that the financial provision by the sector serves to supplement the public finances that could have been allocated for such a program. In so doing, a project that could have been implemented over many years due to financial challenges is implemented within a short duration. The provision of financial support from the private sector also serves to ensure that, suitable and most recent technology can be accessed and acquired for the implementation of the environmental management projects. This way, the projects are implemented more rapidly and efficiently, while ensuring that the necessary tools and equipment, which are most suitable for the project, are afforded and involved in the project execution (59). Additionally, the provision of private finance serves to ensure that the project can run continuously, since there is some aspect of public finance that requires many bureaucratic procedures to be undertaken before the finances are availed for used in the project. Most limiting factor associated with public finance, is the fact that, if any additional finance is deemed necessary, then such has to wait until another budget period, when such supplementary finances can be planned (161). In contrast, the private sector finance is easily accessible and requires less bureaucracy to obtain and use. The involvement of the private sector in environmental management is also advantageous in that it affords an opportunity for contracting a single contractor, who will deal with the whole project, from the design phase to completion (39). If such projects would be left wholesomely to the public sector, their implementation would be a great challenge, in that, the project would require vari ous departments of the public sector to be involved at different phases and stages of project implementation. Thus, the planning department would be required to plan for the project, the architecture department to design the project structures and the other departments to take respective phases of the project execu

Business Strategy of Associated British Foods Assignment

Business Strategy of Associated British Foods - Assignment Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is Associated British Foods, an international public limited company that has its headquarters in London. The company was established in 1935 and is the leading British supermarket chain as far as production of sugar and baker’s yeast is concerned. The company has five strategic business units: Sugar, Agriculture, Retail, Grocery and Ingredients. The grocery division stocks both branded and own label products. Brands that fall under its grocery division include Mazola, Ovaltine, Ryvita, Jordans and Twinings, Silver Spoon, Tip Top and Kingsmill. The company’s retail division (called Primark in UK and Penneys in Ireland) has a global presence with over 215 stores covering a total area of 6.9 million square feet. The retail division’s outlets are located in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK. In 1963, the company acquired the British supermarket giant, Fine Fare which it sold later in 1986 in order to acquire British sugar. As of 2009, British Sugar fulfills the sugar requirements of more than half of UK. Finally, in 2007 ABF acquired an Indian food business. The company provides employment to more than 97,000 people and operates in more than 44 countries. UK contributes to around half of the company’s sales and profits. ABF has been rigorously diversifying into other markets than Sugar since early 2000s which is a crucial aspect of its strategy. ABF acquired ‘Twinings’ in 1964 to broaden the range of national and international marketing resources available. (Whittington, R. and Mayer, M., 2002). To date Twinings has been an asset in the company’s portfolio as it enjoys strong brand loyalty and has had a pull effect which has increased sales of other brands within ABF’s portfolio (Whittington, R. and Mayer, M., 2002).ABF further diversified into the food business with the intention of providing one-stop convenience shopping to customers; the company had realized that customer buying habits and trends were changing (Whittington, R. and Mayer, M., 2002). One of the most important reasons however was the instability of earnings from sugar sector due to its seasonal nature, coupled with the anticipated EU reform (Bertin, O., 2002). Another crucial aspect of ABF’s strategy has been its diversification and growth strategy. The company has, over the years, expanded to sectors beyond sugar which is a conscious and well-thought out strategy based on strong reasoning. Firstly, the highly debated EU sugar reform intended to cut surplus in sugar beet production by slashing prices by an exorbitant 43% which would adversely affect the company’s earnings (Bertin, O., 2002). Secondly, sales from the sugar business were subject to seasonal fluctuations which had to be recovered from non-seasonal businesses so the diversification to other lines such as retail, ingredient and grocery was well just ified for ABF. (Bertin, O., 2002).Thirdly, world markets had become very unstable especially in the years following 2000 because of which its sugar line was capable of being harshly affected (Cherney and Elena, 2001). Furthermore, its sugar industry was highly dependent on the local UK economy for raw materials and output which made it undesirable for the company due to the country’s history of slow recovery from economic recessions so its diversification was justified. (Cherney and Elena, 2001). Therefore, it is evident from the reasons mentioned above that the company was formally employed in the sugar industry; however, it spread its operations to other unrelated sectors such as grocery, retail and ingredients (Austen and Ian, 2007). A key aspect of ABF’s diversification strategy has been its geographic diversification. In 2006, it got hold of Illovo; a South Africa based company which it has used as a means of penetrating deeper into the South African sugar market and could

Cognitive Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cognitive Bias - Essay Example Daniel Kahneman asserts that cognitive bias in decision making process is the intuitive preferences that unswervingly violates the rules related to the rational decision (48). Therefore, a cognitive bias takes place when a psychological pattern changes a decision maker’s subjective view of a problem to differ from the reality. So as to understand how this works, John Butler elucidates how the mental life of a decision maker can be described as two agents (39). The agents include system one and system two. In system one, automatic operations take place that is working quickly by applying a little effort and is not enthusiastic to take control of the thoughts. However, system two is able to construct the necessary thoughts and take the necessary thoughts, for instance doing complex computations and reasoning. Notably, more effortful mental activity occurs in system two. The activities in system two are connected to the subjective experience of choice, connections and agency (Ser fas 71). Anchoring refers to the biased judgment of a stimuli that is based on an incentive assessment of another stimulus and an inadequate alteration away from the initial assessment (Kahneman 52). In other words, this means that a previous presented value affects decision makers when they are about to estimate an unidentified quantity, which is closer to the value considered before the estimate. A good example of the anchoring effect in decision-making is how a decision-maker is influenced by price when buying goods from different suppliers. A higher price will influence the decision maker to value the goods higher than what he/she would have done if the price of the goods is lower. Daniel Kahneman claims that any number a decision maker is asked to consider as a possible solution to an estimation problem will predominantly induce an anchoring effect (50). Any numerical judgment that is under

Messaging to Prepare for future challenges Essay

Messaging to Prepare for future challenges - Essay Example †¢Comparison and contrast the ways that the leader used messaging (communication) to institute MyBlueprint and prepare HCL Technologies and Axon for the acquisition Although such an approach was deemed as somewhat radical, the fact of the matter is that it allowed for the end reviews, high end management, to gain a more informed and realistic model of action with regards to what changes and development was necessary in helping to firm to engage in a further level of profitability for each component part and individual sector. This was useful due to the fact that it allowed the middle management to derive and achieve a level of accountability and honesty with regards to the processes and goals that they were ultimately responsible for; rather than merely putting forward talking points that would likely deviate from the root goals and endeavors that the firm sought to effect. What was noticed was that although such a process was radical and engendered a degree of risk, it nonethel ess was highly useful in providing a degree of oversight that was instrumental in detailing and establishing a baseline of performance with regards to any and all upcoming changes that could seek to promote further responsibility and profitability within the firm. With regards to Axon and the strategy that was employed as a result of the merger, this too differentiated itself from the approach that so many firms mistakenly make with respect to the way in which such a business marriage takes place. As such, rather than seeking to bring Axon directly in line with the directives that HCL Technologies had previously been operating under, they CEO determined that the best way in which to maximize the potential that could exist between the two was to seek to leverage an understanding of the fact that Axon was acquired due to the fact that it had the potential to maximize the relationship that the two firms could sustain working in a symbiotic relationship. What is meant by this is that Ax on was not acquired so that the two could behave in an identical manner; rather, the CEO came to the understanding that the firms, although now part of a singular entity, must continue to exhibit the key strengths that they had prior to being organized under one banner. Moreover, the weaknesses that the two firms exhibited must be approached from the baseline of understanding that these should be worked to be minimized without reducing the effectiveness that had formerly been exhibited by either entity. In such a manner, a differentiated and unique plan of management and standardization, as well as oversight, was required to be initiated to ensure that the synergy could be maximized without diminishing the overall competence that they formerly brought to bear. †¢Analyze the effectiveness of the internal and external messaging (communication) With regards to the effectiveness of the internal and external messaging (communication) that was utilized as a function of making the afo rementioned goals a reality, the CEO opted first and foremost to review the process in its entirety among fellow stakeholders (upper and middle management) as a means of targeting any weaknesses within the model that had formerly

Amtrak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amtrak - Essay Example The construction of the Interstate Highway System greatly enhanced the appeal of road transportation, both for passengers and freight. Air travel became the dominant public carrier mode for intercity passenger travel. In addition, the national government found itself in the passenger train business (Adrian, 1977). Early in U.S. history, passenger travel was often difficult and uncomfortable. With the coming of the railroads, people gained the ability to travel farther and faster than most had ever imagined. Although the early passenger trains were not very comfortable, track and equipment gradually improved. The railroads helped to link different sections of the country and speeded the settlement of the western United States. The railroads were among the first big businesses in the United States, and major railroad executives became celebrities (Adrian, 1986). By 1900, a traveler on a first-class train could expect to find good food, a library, a barbershop, and the company of prominent individuals from the worlds of business, politics, and entertainment. The passenger train for a time appeared to occupy a secure place in society (Beebe, 1976). Any organization must strike a balance between stability and change, and transportation organizations are no exception. Changing public preferences, new technologies, population movements, and rising or falling prices of supplies may force an organization to make drastic changes in many aspects of its operations. Although transportation organizations must change at times to keep pace with shifting external conditions and to manage internal pressures, a degree of organizational stability is essential. For example, transportation systems require substantial public and private investment in fixed facilities, vehicles, and personnel training. A high degree of instability risks rendering those investments irrelevant or wasteful.( Bowersox,1989) Amtrak: Amtrak has faced considerable difficulties in trying to achieve the desired balance of stability and change needed to maintain credibility as a transportation mode. Beginning with uncertain and conflicting goals, the Amtrak system seemed to be destined for chaos rather than predictability. Repeated attacks by the Reagan administration, conservatives in Congress, and bus companies seemed to foretell large cutbacks or even termination. Moreover, the nation's passenger train system was in relatively poor condition at the time of Amtrak's creation; maintaining the conditions that existed in 1971 would hardly give the system credibility. (Amtrak, 1996) Nonetheless, the Amtrak system has managed to achieve a substantial degree of stability, coupled with significant change - much of it in the nature of improvement. The political turmoil surrounding Amtrak stands in stark contrast to the substantial operational consistency and improvement that the system has achieved. Amtrak Logistic and supply chain Route: One of the fundamental features of any transportation system is its overall reach, the extent of its routes, the number of access points available on those routes, and the utilization of the routes. A system that experiences rapid expansion of its overall reach is likely to be faced with challenges. Quick expansion brings

Eng DB 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eng DB 4 - Essay Example Its’ prose possesses a lyrical quality which we generally come across only in poetry. It is a love story in which the exquisite understatement only serves to highlight the passion. On further perusal, we are immediately struck by the wealth of imagery cleverly used by the author. Undoubtedly, as Anne Beattie says, â€Å"Seconds and symbols are left to sum things up.† We are almost swamped by the tidal wave of imagery and symbolism that carries us through the story. Snow, contrary to its’ usual connotation of cold and desolation, is here used as a symbol of the love that â€Å"somebody† has for â€Å"her lover† – a love that is pure, fresh and warm [warm? snow?]. This kind of contradictory symbolism gives us the first hint of impending tragedy and somehow fixes for us the disconnect that exists right from the start in the attitude of the two lovers towards their relationship. The chipmunk is the girl – cherished in her lovers’ arms and carried to a house in the winter countryside. He is obviously older than she is and is rather bemused that this creature has come to share his world. Their house, in its’ winter isolation, appears to signify that their love needs to be insulated from the rough and tumble of everyday life if it is to survive – again an indication of the fragility of their relationship. The only intruders are transient visitors. The ‘scraping’ during the first week is symbolic of the lovers getting to know each other, discovering the layers of their past lives like â€Å"wallpaper under wallpaper.† The yellow paint signifies the beginning of their new life together, attempting to put their past behind them. Once more, that stubborn vein of cynicism that runs through the story comes into play - the grapes represent the past which refuses to go away and lurks just beneath the surface, waiting to â€Å"tenaciously push through† the fabric of their present. The fireplace is the token of the warmth of their love, which is amazing

Analysis paper - social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis paper - social media - Essay Example networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Instagram and other social platforms have been found to be the major causes of loneliness among many people all over the world. This paper is a critical analysis of Stephen Marche’s argument that the use of Facebook tends to promote people’s preference for loneliness through solitude and isolation. In achieving this, I have discussed the contributions of Facebook on personal loneliness among various groups of people across the world. Among the key social networking sites commonly used today, Facebook, takes the largest share of online users compared to other social networking sites aforementioned. It is common to find people of different ages, academic levels, and social status deeply glued on Facebook, chatting, posting, writing comments on other friends’ posts or doing the mere liking of posts and comments made by their acquaintances. Lecturers have complained of deteriorating performances in their subjects even by their favorite students due to the influence of technology (specifically social networks). Besides, affecting their performances in various courses, fondness with social networking sites has increasingly isolated friendship ties between various students and their close allies. Solitude is not a recent phenomenon in the society. The feeling has long been in existence since the advent of humanity. The perception and causes of solitude are, however, its most common determinant. Different from the traditional forms and causes of solitude, the current causes are self-inflicted other than natural. The natural conditions of solitude are seamlessly endurable since they were somehow beyond the reach of the victims. The need to express oneself as a move to defend ego and register high sensation among peers and friends keeps most Facebook users glued to their social sites trying to compose and post suitable posts and comments that would resonate appropriately with their acquaintances. The

Environmentally sustainable business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmentally sustainable business - Essay Example o grow; the concerns about social interactions between the industry and its workers, customers, partners etc (Sustainable Aviation Progress Report, 2009). Hence, applying Zadek’s â€Å"Four Stages of Issue Maturity† framework, all issues affecting an industry could be categorised into four different stages: namely, latent, emerging, consolidating and institutionalised (Zadek, 2004). A latent social issue is the one that exists but has not been widely known. An emerging issue is just catching the attention of the public but has not been fully debated or addressed. Consolidating stage reveals that the issue has been recognised but this is the time to test the efficacy of the solutions for it. And such a social issue becomes institutionalised when there are laws and regulations to guide the implementation of its solutions in the concerned industry (Zadek, 2004). Therefore, the environmental and social issues affecting the UK aviation industry are tabulated as follows: All the environmental and social issues affecting UK aviation industry outlined above can be summarized into three main headings: climate change issues; local environmental problems; and economic and social concerns. These issues are of utmost importance in the sense that they exert huge impacts on the environments and the economic situations in the United Kingdom. However, if all these issues receive prompt and efficient responses from the aviation industry players, it will reveal their level or extent of sustainability and social responsibility in the societies. 2. The Sustainable Aviation Progress Report 2009 reveals some strategic approaches taken by UK aviation players in addressing the issues hinted above. These approaches or responses can be best analysed using the Sustainable Value Framework model proposed by Hart and Milstein (2003). The model is made of four major quadrants as shown below: There are Today, Tomorrow, Internal and External quadrants. What this signifies is that Today

Famous Women and their Contribution to Egypt Essay Example for Free

Famous Women and their Contribution to Egypt Essay Shagrat al-Durr took upon herself the title of Sultan and regrouped the Egyptian army to take Damietta back from the Frankish Crusaders. She become the center of power as the leader of Mamluks During this new period, that of the Mamluks, Cairo was to become the center of power. The Mamluks kept their power for more than two centuries in Egypt and Syria. Shagrat al-Durr is one of the very few women in Islamic history to ascend to the throne. Her sensational life to show the information that a striving woman had to depend on the good will of men to be able to lead. Shagrat has been a good leader using her experience at administration and leadership. That is why Mamluks have succeeded leading Egypt and Syria for tow centuries. Tiye She is the married to Ramesses III (c. 1194-1163 B. C. ) and called the queen of the 20th century. She was involved in the harem plot, which sought to assassinate the king and place her son on the throne of Egypt, and was mentioned in the Juridical papyrus of Turin. The plot against the king was discobered, and the queen and the other members of the cabal were tried in a royal court. Nothing is known of the fate of Queen Tiye in the affair. She is a worshipper of Aten. And for those who believed believe the basic elements of the story of Moses from the Old Testament, as Queen Tiye’s influence may have helped give birth to Judaism, Christianity and Islam Nifertiti She was s the Great Royal Wife (or chief consort/wife) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV and mother-in-law of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. She is considered to Cleopatra as the famous Queen of Egypt. Because of her feminine beauty you can see that she had greatly influenced the standard in the art of photography for the 20th century, not only in Egypt but also around the world. Cleopatra When you think of the phrase queen of Egypt. She will be the first one that will enter your mind. For many she is a not only one of the most beautiful queen and seductress that ever lived in the history of men. Little did other people know that Cleopatra was an educated in the sciences, and no doubt encouraged scientists and discussed their findings and thoughts with them. She would have been an equal among them, not because of her social standing, but because of her intelligence and education Furthermore. She is brilliant early mathematician, chemist and philosopher who wrote science books and met weekly with a team of scientific experts, according to a forthcoming book (Viegas, 2004). References Baron, Beth (2005) Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender and Politics. University of California Press. Mernissi, Fatima (1993) The Forgotten Queens of Islam. University of Minnesota Press, In Charis Waddy, Women in Muslim History, Longman, 1980 http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/GGD7.html

Dementia Sufferer Mental

Dementia Sufferer Mental Introduction Dementia is a loss of mental function in two or more areas such as language, memory, visual and spatial abilities, or judgment severe enough to interfere with daily life3. Dementia is not a disease itself, sufferers show a broader set of symptoms that accompany certain diseases or physical conditions3. Well known diseases that cause dementia include Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and multi-infarct dementia3. Dementia is an acquired and progressive problem that affects cognitive functions, behavior, thinking processes and the ability to carry out normal activities. Vision is one of the most important primary senses, therefore serious or complete sight loss has a major impact on a individuals ability to communicate effectively and function independently. Individuals who suffer from both dementia and serious vision loss will inevitably be subject to profound emotional, practical, psychological and financial problems. These factors will also influence others around the sufferer and will extend to family and the greater society. As we get older both dementia and visual problems inevitably become much more prevalent. Current demographic trends show the increase of the number of very old in our population. Therefore it is inevitable that dementia and serious sight loss either alone or together, will have important consequences for all of us3. The vast majority of people are aware that dementia affects the memory. However it is the impact it has on the ability to carry out daily tasks and problems with behavior that cause particular problems, and in severe cases can lead to institutionalization. In the primary stages of dementia, the patient can be helped by friends and family through ‘reminders’. As progression occurs the individual will loose the skills needed for everyday tasks and may eventually fail to recognize family members, a condition known as prospagnosia. The result of such progression is that the individual becomes totally dependent on others. Dementia not only affects the lives of the individual, but also the family9. Dementia can present itself in varying forms. The most common form of dementia in the old is Alzheimers disease, affecting millions of people. It is a degenerative condition that attacks the brain. Progression is gradual and at a variable rate. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are impaired memory, thinking and changes in behaviour. Dementia with Lewy bodies and dementias linked to Parkinsons disease are responsible for around 10-20% of all dementias. Dementia with Lewy bodies is of particular interest as individuals with this condition not only present confusion and varying cognition, but also present symptoms of visual hallucinations9. Another common conditions that causes dementia is multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia. It is the second most common form on dementia after alzheimers disease in the elderly. Multi infarct dementia is caused by multiple strokes in the brain. These series of strokes can affect some intellectual abilities, impair motor skills an d also cause individuals to experience visual hallucinations. Individuals with multi infarct dementia are prone to risk factors for stroke, such as high BP, heart disease and diabetes. Multi infarct dementia cannot be treated, once nerve cells die they cannot be replaced. X3 In most cases the symptoms of dementia and serious sight loss develop independently. However some conditions can cause both visual and cognitive impairments, for example Down syndrome, Multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Dementia is most prevalent in the elderly, as is sight loss. Therefore it is inevitable that a number of people will present dementia together with serious sight loss. There have been many studies into the prevalence of dementia in the UK. An estimate for the prevalence of dementia in people over 75 years of age is 15% of the population9. The Alzheimer’s society suggest that 775,200 people in the UK suffer from dementia (figures taken 2001). The Alzheimer’s society also calculates that the prevalence of dementia in the 65-75 years age group is 1 in 50, for 70-80 years 1 in 20 and for over 80 years of age 1 in 5. Estimates suggest that by 2010 approximately 840,000 people will become dementia sufferers in the UK. Estimates suggest that around 40% of dementia sufferers are in residential institutions. One study from 1996 showed that dementia sufferers are 30 times more likely to live in an institution than people without dementia. At 65 years of age men are 3 times more likely than women to live in an institution and at 86 men and women are equally likely to be institutionalized10 Visual impairments are not associated general diagnostic features of dementia. However recent research has shown the change in visual function and visual processing may be relevant. Alzheimer’s disease patients often present problems with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo-acuity and color vision. These problems are believed to be more true of cognitive dysfunction rather than any specific problems in the eye or optic nerve9. Early diagnosis is essential to both dementia and sight loss patients, as drug treatments are becoming more and more available. Therefore maximizing the treatment and care for the individual. On the other hand early diagnosis of visual conditions is also essential, so that progression is slowed and treatment is commenced, therefore further progression is prevented if plausible9. The Mini-Mental State examination MMSE, is the most commonly used cognitive test for the diagnosis of dementia. It involves the patient to undertake tests of memory and cognition. It takes the form of a series of questions/answers and uses written, verbal and visual material. Poor vision or blindness is the most common cause of poor performance on this test other than dementia itself9. Research, development and investment in the future will help to contribute to improved care for dementia and sight loss sufferers. A better understanding of the daily lives and experiences of these people will give us a greater insight into the problems faced and will help to improve the quality of care available9. Alzheimer’s disease The aim of this paper is to provide information about current knowledge on the topic on visual function dementia. With regards to Alzheimer’s disease there will be an inclination to several main foci of research, namely anatomical/structural changes, functional visual changes, cognitive brain changes and other changes such as the effects of diagnostic drugs on Alzheimer’s disease patients. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia amongst older adults. The Alzheimer’s research trust estimates that 700,000 individuals in the UK currently are afflicted. This number will inevitably increase exponentially in the near future with the trend of an increasingly aging UK population. Therefore it must be of the utmost of importance worldwide to have an understanding all behavioral, anatomical and physiological aspects of this disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disease that attacks the brain, it begins gradually and progresses at a variable rate. Common signs are impaired thinking, memory and behavior. Health professionals and care givers agree that the memory deficit is usually the initial sign of the disease. However researchers have long known that Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by impairments of several additional domains, including visual function11. However these findings have not yet appeared in the diagnostic guides consulted by healthcare professionals, for example the most recent addition of the Diagnostic Statistical manual of mental disorders states that few sensory signs occur in early Alzheimer’s disease2. Therefore we still have a limited understanding of the true extent to which visual impairments affects Alzheimer’s disease. The current web site of the Alzheimer’s association1 and National Institute of Aging4 make no mention of the topic of sensory changes in Alzheimer’s disease. It has even been said that patients with Alzheimer’s disease report visual problems to their healthcare professionals less frequently than do healthy elderly individuals5. Nevertheless visual function is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease6. In terms of cognitive changes, the neuropathology of this disorder affects several other brain areas which are dedicated to processing low level visual functions as well as higher level visual cognition and attention11. These neuropathological cognitive changes are more dominant however in the visual variant of Alzheimer’s disease known as posterior cortical atrophy, however visual problems are also present in the more common Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease begins when there are deposits of abnormal proteins outside nerve cells located in the brain in the form of amyloid. These are known as diffuse plaques, and the amyloid also forms the central part of further structured plaques known as senile or neurotic plaques3. Buildup of anomalous filaments of protein inside nerve cells in the brain can also take place. This protein accumulates as masses of filaments known as neurofibril tangles. Atrophy of the affected areas of the brain can also occur as well as the enlargement of the ventricles3. There is also a loss of the neuro transmitter Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine and Somatostatin. Attempts have been made to try to slow the development of the disease by replacing the neurotransmitters with cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (excelon), galantamine (Reminyl) and memantine (Namenda)3. These drugs work by increasing the levels of transmitters between cells, which otherw ise become lacking in Alzheimer’s disease. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE conducted a review of these drugs in March 2005 and concluded that none of these drugs provided sufficient enough advantages to the patient in order to justify their cost. They recommended against the use of such drugs in the Nhs, though the Department of Health later overturned this ruling. Visual Changes in Alzheimer’s Patients Loss of vision is a key healthcare dilemma amongst the elderly. By the age of 65 approximately one in three people have a vision reducing eye disease. Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease patients and elderly patients, consequently have many visual conditions in common. Alzheimer’s disease impairs visual; function early in the course of the disease and functional losses correlate with cognitive losses. There are several common visual functional deficits that are frequently identified in Alzheimer’s disease. There is evidence for deficits in Motion perception32,33 contrast sensitivity31 colour discrimination of blue short wavelength hues34 and performance on backward masking tests31 In Alzheimer’s disease the secondary point of damage is usually the visual association cortex and other higher cortical areas as well as the primary visual cortex 35,36. Some of the main changes that occur in the eye with aging inlclude7: The crystalline lens increases in thickness, therefore decreasing its transparency and elasticity; therefore there is a tendency for cataracts to appear. The conjunctiva can become thicker and wrinkled, therefore is subject to deposits such as pinguecela. The iris can atrophy, therefore pupils become constricted and their response to light becomes sluggish. The eyes ability to dark/light adapt is affected. Refractive index of the cornea decreases and it becomes less transparent. Arcus senilis can appear. The ocular globe and eyelids can shrink leading to conditions such as entropian, ectropian and trichiasis. Also while the lachrymal production is reduced the puncta lachrymalis can become stenosed and provide less drainage which gives rise to chronic watering of the eyes Anterior chamber usually becomes more shallow and the sclera more rigid, increasing the prospects of glaucoma. These changes summed together not only diminish the quality of vision, but many of them also make the examination of the eye much more complicated. In conjunction with the general visual symptoms of aging, Alzheimer’s patients can also experience visual disturbances caused by the brain rather than the visual system alone. This means that they can have problems and difficulties perceiving what they see rather than how clearly they see it3. Difficulties are usually experienced in the areas mentioned earlier, namely depth, motion, color, and contrast sensitivity. Visual hallucinations are also a common problem with linked to loss of vision in Alzheimer’s disease patients38. Another common disorder linked to patients with Alzheimer’s disease is a variant of motion blindness. The patient can appear to be confused and lost; the individual will see the world as a series of still frames8. Visual changes in Alzheimer’s disease may also be dependent upon which brain hemisphere is more severely damaged; this factor can often be overlooked. An individual with Alzheimer’s disease could have damage to a greater extent on their left brain hemisphere from plaques and tangles. This would therefore cause subsequent retinal changes in only the left hemi-retinas of each eye i.e. the right visual fields. The right eye visual field would be affected in the temporal side (right) and the left eye visual field would be affected nasally (right)51. When only half the retina is impacted, smaller regions of the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer show losses. The left eye with affected temporal retina would show optic nerve damage in differing regions of the nerve than the right eye with nasal retinal damage.51 Alzheimers patients commonly show selective degeneration of large ganglion cell axons located in the optic nerves. This suggests that there would be impairment of broadband channel visual function. Conversely studies have shown that broadband visual capabilities are not selectively impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. The magnocellular and parvocellular neurons are greatly affected in Alzheimer’s patients, this has been proved by studies of the dorsal Lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN)3. The geniculostirate projection system is split both functionally and anatomically into two sections. They include the parvocellular layers of the Lateral geniculate body and also incorporates the magnocellular layers. These systems are mainly divided in the primary visual cortex and go through further segregation in the visual association cortex. They conclude in the temporal and paritetal lobes3. The parvocellular layers contain smaller, centrally located receptive fields that account for high spatial frequencies (acuity), they also respond well to color. On the other hand these cells do not respond well rapid motion or high flicker rates. The magnocellular cells have larger receptive fields and respond superiorly to motion and flicker. They are however comparatively insensitive to color differences, the magnocellular neurons generally show poor spatial resolution, although the seem to respond better at low luminance contrasts. To summarize the parvocellular system is superior at detecting small, slow moving, colored targets placed in the centre of the visual field. Meanwhile the magnocellular system has the ability to process rapidly moving and optically degraded stimuli across larger areas of the visual field3. The parvocellular system projects ventrally to the inferior temporal areas, which are involved in visual research, pattern recognition and visual object memory. The magnocellular system projects dorsally to the posterior parietal and superior temporal areas. These are specialized for motion information processing. The cerebral cortical areas to which the parvocelluar system projects receives virtually no vestibular afferents. Alternatively the cerebral areas to which the magnocelullar system projects receives significant vestibular and other sensory inputs. These are believed to be involved in maintaining spatial orientation. Research shows shows that the magnocellular system is more involved in Alzheimer’s disease3. Oddly, many individuals experience difficulties at low spatial frequencies instead of high frequencies as in old age. This suggests that areas controlling the low spatial frequency processing in the primary visual cortex would be affected more than those for higher frequencies processing39 After neuropathilogical studies in 1997 by Hof et al were carried out on brains with visual impairments they concluded that cortical atrophy dominated on the posterior parietal cortex and occipital lobe40 Glaucoma is also a neurodegenerative disease that has similar effects on the visual system. Lower spatial frequencies in the contrast sensitivity, deficits in the blue short wavelength color range as well as reductions in motion perception are all linked to glaucomatous patients16. When patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease also have glaucoma, the deterioration of vision related to glaucoma is much more rapid and progression is more aggressive than in people with glaucoma solely and not Alzheimer’s disease as well.19 Glaucoma is different from Alzheimer’s disease in that it affects the visual function at the early sites of neural activity, namely, the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma destroys the afferent axons at the nerve fiber layer in the retina. This loss of axons ultimately leads to added atrophy further up the visual pathway due to decreased neuronal input. Alternatively Alzheimer’s disease impacts the cells that are located terminally or intermediary in the visual pathway of the brain. The result is again reduced neuronal input due to loss of nerve fibre connections and atrophy along the visual pathway. When the two diseases exist in the same individual together it can be seen that there is likely to be a greater disruption to the visual system20, one key difference between the two diseases is that they affect the visual pathway at different points. Glaucoma is a degenerative disease starting at the beginning of the visual pathway, whereas Alzheimer’s disease is a deg enerative process starting relatively late in the visual pathway. When the two diseases coexist then the neuronal and functional losses of vision are cumulative. Optometric examination of dementia patients Dementia patients present special problems for optometrists. A standard eye test can be an audile to even the best of us. The patient is placed in an unfamiliar environment surrounded by unusual equipment, machinery and is subjected to probing questions about he medical history which will inevitably tax their already flawed memory. Dementia patients are most likely to be from the elderly. Therefore several difficulties are presented while conducting an ocular examination. The patient is required to maintain a position and has to maintain concentration throughout the testing procedures, which can be very difficult. Subjective examination requires responses from the patient, they are expected to remember and follow complex instructions given to them by the optometrist as well as make many precise discriminatory judgments in a short space of time. The multiple tasks required to be completed during the examination are often beyond dementia patients as they are limited by the disease. The refore it is common that patients with even a minor degree of dementia fail to provide valid answers, provide unpredictable responses to the subjective examination and retreat into an apathetic state3,9. During the visual examination of Alzheimer’s disease patients, several key visual problems can be detected. Moderate dementia patients will often experience problems such as topographic agnosia, alexia without agraphia, visual agnosia and prospagnosia3. Such patients often cannot describe individual components of photos and routinely fail to recognize family members. The degree to which such problems are experienced is consistent with the level of cytochrome oxidase deficits in the associated cortical area. In conjunction with these problems dementia patients often have problems with texture discrimination and blue violet discrimination3. During examination of the elderly dementia patients there are two contradictory requirements, firstly is ‘assurance’. The patient’s responses will be delayed and the patient may feel anxious in such an unfamiliar situation, therefore constant reassurance is required and they cannot be rushed. Alternatively time constraints are important, a dementia/elderly patient is likely to have a short attention span. Therefore the two factors above much be considered and balanced. The examination must be thorough yet carried out as quick as possible. Often when examining a dementia patient a family member of the carer must be present in order to aid the communication between optometrist and patient, for example difficulties are likely to occur when recording history and symptoms without a carer present. All factors need to be considered such as family history, medication, eye treatment and knowledge of any medical conditions and if so how long they have suffered from them. In terms of an external examination firstly, gross observations should be recorded for example does the patient have an abnormal head position or is there any lid tosis. Many external observations can also be detected with the aid of pupil reflexes. Upon carrying out the external examination the optometrist must be carful to explain exactly what each procedure will involve so as not to intimidate the patient. Internal examination Internal examination of an elderly patient often presents many problems. Older patients tend to have constricted pupils and often opacities in the media such as cataract. Patients with dementia also show poor fixation as well as lack of concentration. Pupil dilation is often used to aid external examination however many older patients can have a poor response to the insertion of mydriatic eye drops. There have been many studies into the affects of diagnostic mydriatic and miotic drugs. Many studies have shown excessive mydriatic pupil response to trompicamide (a pupil dilating drug) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease when compared to control individuals.))) on the other hand studies into the use of Miotic drops, particularly Pilocarpine have shown an increased response of pupil constriction in Alzheimer’s disease patients in comparison to normal control patients. These findings suggest a defect in pupillary innervation with Alzheimer’s disease individuals. Studies of post mortem individuals with exaggerated mydriatic pupil responses to Tropicamide found a definte disruption to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is one of the key structures of the brain involved in the autonomic nervous system, it mediates the sympathetic and para-sympathetic pupil responses. Research by Scinto et al found amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in all individuals tested with excessive mydriatic pupil responses. The conclusion was that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is targeted early in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In terms of intraocular pressures use of the goldman an Perkins tonometers will be limited for the elderly dementia patients, due to health an safety reasons. Sudden movements whilst carrying out pressure tests on such equipment may be dangerous. Therefore this can be overcome to a degree by the use of handheld instruments such as the pulseair. However even with the pulseair problems can still be faces with uncooperative patients. Objective examination With uncooperative and awkward patients objective refraction through retinosopy may be difficult. Factors such as opacified media, miotic pupils, and poor fixation will influence the accuracy of the refraction. The recent introduction of hand held optometers has contributed to somewhat overcoming such problems. Instruments such as thee Nikon Retinomax are excellent for obtaining an objective refraction of the elderly patient with miotic pupils and cloudy media. When presenting the Snellen chart to a patient, the quality of their response will inevitably depend upon the degree of their dementia. Depending on which stage of dementia they are suffering from, responses could range from routine reading of the chart to no response at all. The later presents the optometrist with greater problems; however a visual acuity can still be measured via other techniques. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is often widespread and a prevalent problem, however it is often an untreated disorder. A reason for this impairment to be overlooked could be that visual function is typically only measured in terms of visual acuity in the majority of cases, which in Alzheimer’s patients is often normal. However, studies have shown that up to 60% of people with Alzheimer’s disease show deficits in on or multiple visual areas such as depth perception, motion perception, color discrimination or contrast sensitivity31, 32. Therefore detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s patients must include these other visual capacities and not only visual acuity tests. Deficits in depth perception have accurately been demonstrated in Alzheimer’s individuals33-37. Decline in this visual capacity is even seen at the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, independently of the other visual capacities36. Impaired depth perception will inevitably cause problems in performing everyday tasks33,36 eg walking, cleaning and stair climbing. Motion perception is also a common deficit seen in Alzheimer’s disease41-45. Studies have shown that individuals with Alzheimer’s take significantly longer to identify stationary objects that can be identified by motion cues41,43. A study by Rizzo et al42 found that 33% of Alzheimer’s patients had car accidents when put through a set of driving scenarios in a virtual simulator, compared to 0 accidents with non demented age match participants. The decreased ability of Alzheimer’s patients to accurately process visual motion cues was a significant factor in avoiding accidents. Contrast sensitivity can be defined as the smallest difference in intensity that a person can resolve between an object and its immediate surround. Most elderly patients are impaired at high spatial frequencies. However Alzheimer’s sufferers are impaired at low spatial frequencies as well46,47,48,49-51. Problems with contrast sensitivity will have a subsequent impact on how a person with Alzheimer’s disease perceives their environment, and will adversely affect their ability to perform many everyday tasks such as dressing, washing and eating to name but a few. Contrast sensitivity problems cannot be cured or overcome by means such as optical correction through spectacles, medication or surgery. However individuals can be helped by environmental modifications. We will now go on to discuss a handful of simple environmental modifications that can be made for dementia patients in order to increase their quality of life. Firstly there are several key simple principles relating to colour and light that should always be considered when modifying a living area for a dementia individual. Color Light Use sharply contrasting color between back ground and foreground. Always have even distribution of light within a room. Use solid colors rather than stripes or multi color patterns. Good to have as much natural light as possible. Do not use ‘like’ colors next to each other Minimise glare Task lighting when applicable Place light behind reading or television chair to enhance vision. In the bedroom the main point of concern is not to bump into objects and not to fall out of bed. Caregivers can also find it problematic to get the patient into their bedroom at the end of the day. Enhancing the contrast of objects in the bedroom will help patients to recognize areas of their room and intern make care givers jobs much easier during care. In order to draw the patient into a room in a common technique many institutions or caregivers use is to paint the furthest most wall in the bedroom in a contrasting color to the rest of the room, for example in a light colored room (magnolia) it would be advantageous to paint the far wall in a dark contrasting color such as brown. This will provide a depth cue for the patient and will encourage them to enter the bedroom. Once in the room dementia patients can often have problems locating the bed. Again this problem can be aided by a simple modification of using a bed spread that is of high contrast when compared to the surrounding w alls and floor of the room. This simple modification will draw the patient towards the bed and help prevent them from tripping or stumbling over the bed. Other simple tips can be to modify appliances within the bedroom such as telephones, clocks and radios with different colored buttons to encourage independence. The bathroom is another frequently used area within the household and there are many simple modifications that can be made within this area to aid the user. Firstly placing a fixed bath mat of the same color as the floor is a simple useful modification. The matt with low contrast to the floor will decrease any depth perception problems and will aid the user when getting in and out of the bath tub. Also a fixed mat can be placed inside the bath tub, however in this case the matt should be of a contrasting color to the tub. The reasoning behind this is that the contrasting bath mat will provide a excellent depth cue for the user who would other wise would be unsure to about how deep the floor of the bath tub is. The bathroom can be a hazardous place for a dementia individual as there are many risks within this room especially the risk of hot water. Therefore an extremely important modification in the bathroom is to ensure all taps have different colored knobs on the hot and cold compon ents. The colored taps will provide a color cue and help the user to distinguish between the two. The kitchen can be a dangerous place, especially for the elderly and dementia su

A Compact Description And Critical Analysis Education Essay

A Compact Description And Critical Analysis Education Essay The first part of the assignment will accommodate description of management and the importance of leadership within management. According to Daly et al, (2009), stated a manager is an individual who is responsible for his/her workforce; a manager is someone who is in charge of all the decision making of a workforce; a manager is a person that everyone goes to with their problems, and a person that passes on information that is given by higher authority to the workforce. Rodd (2004), define management as a reasonable working pattern of support, inspiration and reasoning, including systems and administrations. Whereas, Mondy (1992) constitute that the role of management involves; working with human, financial, and physical resources in order to achieve organisational objectives. Mondy (1992) also stated that planning, organising, leading and controlling were the four general functions of managements; and that all of these four functions were equally important, as the coordination of these provision enables management to operate as a whole. In addition an effective management skills, it is also crucial for a manager to have effective leadership skills; Burns (2004) assert that management skills can be defined as ones ability to administer a group of individuals in a way that will approve them to work together timidly and in a harmonised way, as this will result in the attainment of setting goals and aspirations. Mullins (2005) build that effective leadership is one of the many fundamental influences in the development of quality service for children; both effective leadership and management should be amalgamate together in bringing affirmation service for young children. Quote states:- by Mullins (2003, P291); Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. A manager that used a democratic type of management style within their setting; they are established that they have open door policy within the setting which approve their staffs to communicate with the manager whenever they required; it can a articulate that the manager leads their staff into feeling a part of a team by including them in all of the decision making process of the setting through staff meetings. Respecting Each Other; ensuring staff act as good role models; Use of positive language; Establish good relationships between practitioners and parents; updated with Policies and procedures; Open door policy; Encourage turn taking and sharing; Supervision and staff appraisals. The manager can demonstrate by having an open door policy and involving the staff in all the decision making of the setting draws and influenced the staffs to work harder; this could be associated, quote suggests, Sadek (1996)s argument which stated that staff encouragement is a considerable task for managers as it is foremost for the action of the crew. The next part of the assignment will contribute enlightenment in relation to the role and responsibilities of the early years manager. A manager who is established will believe one of their main duties at the setting ensuring that the children are safeguarded and happy; this is a positive attitude for an early years manager to have as according to a research carried out, quote stated, by Lunn (1998), most of the nursery managers that were found to be successful leaders in the research were managers who were involved in the children before their speciality. Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of all individuals in the education system to make sure their surrounding is as safe as possible for their pupils (Directgov 2012). Furthermore, it is the manager position to ensure they have health and safety rules and regulations; and implement within the setting by all staffs by regularly involving and motivating all staffs in all matters concerning health and safety issues through training. Free choice to inform own learning;- Support and plan for childrens interests; Opportunity for children to explore and the Key person enables the child to feel safe and secure; Provide a safe and secure environment; Regular observations are carried out and children are provided with indoor and outdoor activities, Quote states:-, Watson (1998) that the financial needs of provisions should be taken vigorously and planned precisely as the maintenance provided to the children. A manager needs to handle the financial matters of the setting; budget is the key factors that can be threat to the quality of service being provided to the children. Therefore the manager must ensure that the nurserys budget is being managed correctly as miscalculations of the budget can have a negative impact on the function of the setting as it could result in the nursery not being able to meet some of its goals and objectives. Furthermore, According to Megginson (1992), employees doing what is required from them establishes the effectiveness of the managers management skills. This indicates that the manager must take fully responsibility to ensure that all of the staffs doing what were expected of them; a good way is by regularly monitoring the staffs. Preferably, have fitted cameras in every room of the setting and that the images from all of the cameras reflected back to the camera located in the managers office. This strategy can be positive effects on the function of the setting as the manager have faith for the staffs carried out their duties effectively and accordingly to the fact that they knew they were under continual surveillance. A excellent principle for a manager to adhere is to keep a constant revise of the policies and procedures of their settings; these will enables their employees to understand their roles and responsibilities; policies and procedures also grant management to inspire acts without constant management interferences. (Mondy1992). Besides Mullins (2005), suggests that a critical part of the process of management comprehends given a competent attention to the adequate use of resources, in human resources; human resources have an important role to play in the success of an organisation. In dispute by, Curtis and OHagen (2003) that it is essential for a manager to ensure that staffs are trained and are appropriately qualified to a standard that will enable them to provide the establishment with the best possible services. The manager must take a full responsibility to employ individuals that are appropriately qualified to work with children; He/she must be articulate that when employing staffs; they looked for two considerable aspects: the first is the person likes children and had some experience working with children; and secondly they have the appropriate qualifications. To addition, The Childrens Act 1989 states that it is legally the responsibility of professionals to work in partnership with parents (Tassoni 2000). The manager must also ensure and have a good on-going relationship between the parents of the children attending the setting and the staff. As a factor this can be devoted to the quality of service being provided to the children as according to the Livestrong article (2010), both teachers and parents have passion for the same thing which is the best learning experience and allows a good accessible learning for the children; effective communication between the professionals and parents can help to attain this as important information such as; childrens likes and dislikes can be shared through the communication; and this will be beneficial for the function of the setting as the information will help the staffs gain knowledge of how to handle each individual child. The role and responsibilities of a manager are not only affected by factors within the workforce; external factors such as societys attitude, beliefs and values and government policies cam also have an impact on the role and responsibilities of a manager. Quote states: according to Turner (2003); societys attitude, beliefs and valued has gradually changed throughout the period; issues concerning young children and families have been high on public agendas. The diminish role in society has provided women with better liberty; and this is resulted in more mothers going into education and back to work. This involves a positive impact because the role and responsibilities of an early years manager will have more pupils attending nurseries balancing great more responsibilities for early years managers due to increase of children under their care. The manager also has responsibility to ensure that equal opportunity practices are being carried out within the setting. This can be of various reasons, as an example a provision can be located in a multicultural area and the children attending the nursery are from a variety of backgrounds. The EYFSs Statutory Framework (2010) demonstrates that early years practitioners has fully responsibility to promote positive attitudes to diversity and difference and that practitioners also have a duty to focus on each individual childs learning, development and needs. The manager will be required to provide equal opportunity for all children regardless of their race, culture, religion, language or ability and that the centre also positively encouraged all the children to participate in all activities. A well established manager can also strive to help all children feel inclusive and that the provision must be able to promoting positive recognition, understanding, knowledge and celebration of di fferent culture celebrations. Equal opportunities; Cultural and ethnic diversity; Parents are involved as partners; Open door policy for parents to have they say; Support from other professionals (agency) when necessary; All children and their families are included and valued from different backgrounds. The Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage (2011), OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education) is an official government body ensures the responsibility is to inspect schools in England and to produce inspection reports which are meant to be used to improve standards of achievement and quality in education. The manager needs to be knowledge that all of OFSTEDs health and safety policies and procedures are implemented in the provision; otherwise as failure of the implementation of these policies and procedures could result in the closure of the provision. In addition the OFSTEDs safeguarding policies are maintained and carried out by the member of the staffs within the setting by constantly emphasising the importance of the rules and regulations of OFSTEDs safeguarding policies; this can be maintained through staff meetings; regularly endure watching the staff within the setting; raising any awareness of any health and safety issues that comes across with all staffs. Nonetheless, OFSTEDs policy in relation to safeguarding in early years education; there are some concerns regarding the extent in which childrens safety are met in early years settings; quote states:- Pugh (2003) argued that there are still concerns over the neglect of childrens health and welfare at the expense of their education. Although Pughs argument suggests that there are early years settings that might believe that childrens education is more important than childrens health and safety as overall. A good manager who has a good established for the setting can have a good impact through influence of their provision and their role as manager is from learning and developments requirements of the EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage). Through daily safety checklists carried out for Health and safety policy; Regular fire drills are implemented; Safeguarding children policy should be updated on regular basis; Designated member of staff responsible for child protection issues or immediate manager; Safeguarding children training for staff must be provided; Behaviour policy; Adult : child ratio observed; Accident / incident forms Rules displayed and adhered in the setting. In accordance to the Department for Education (2012), it is stated that the EYFS is a central part of the governments 10 years child care strategy; the EYFS is in charge of placing the curriculum guidance for the foundation stage. The Statutory Framework for the EYFS sets standards for the learning, developments and care for children from birth to five; nursery managers, school governors and nursery directors; are all legally responsible for ensuring that the provisions of their settings meets the learning and developments requirements of the EYFS, that their provisions meets the regulations of the EYFS, and that notes of new and additional requirements in the Early Years Foundation Stage Statutory Framework are taken down and implemented within their settings. Moreover, according to the Statutory Framework for the EYFS (2011); it is interpreted there are seven areas of learning and developments that are required to shape educational programmed in early years setting, as follows: personal, social and emotional developments; physical developments; and communication and language; these three areas are described as maturity areas in the Framework as they are believed to be the areas that are particularly important for extinguish childrens curiosity and enthusiasm for learning and also for building childrens capacity to learn and thrive. The Framework also exhibit that early years education providers must also support children in the following four specific areas: literacy; mathematics; understanding the world; and expressive arts and design. The media concept on the BBC News (2000), the National Childcare Strategy was introduced in the UK in 1998; the aim of the Strategy was to create more childcare places and helping parents to go back to work by giving them more support. Beaver (2001) established that the aim of the National Childcare Strategy was to ensure good quality, accessible and affordable childcare for children in the UK. The introduction of the National Childcare Strategy has a negative bond impact on the finances of day private settings can have a negative effect on the role of an early years manager in the following case; suppose if there can made deductions to be made from the cost of the private settings as a result of less children attending day care centres; it would be the managers role and responsibility to figure out a way of cutting down the costs of the provision in a way that will not affect the quality of service being provided to the children. Quote taken : Adirondack (1998) cited in Curtis and OHagen (2003) stated no good can be good at every aspects of management; an early years setting manager has a variety of duties to carry out; therefore it would be impossible for a manager to be perfect at every activity their may conduct out. A good provision manager will express and show a good use of their own knowledge and management skills, which can be a good advantage enabling her to be the accomplished manager, however, other managers will experience difficulty at times. To conclude, it can be formed in many of the convincing and vital elements of management issues that has been identified in the essay indicating that there are many factors that needs to be considered when managing a provision. In an early years setting, the primary role of the manager is to be responsible for the organisation of the staff; and the resources that will be used to translate the settings vision to providing a high quality service to the children that will be attending the setting. Parent questionnaire are in place; Suggestion box; Settling in policies and procedures is should been implemented and staff are made fully aware; providing advice and support when necessary, an good example will be a Drop in session and finally meeting the cultural requirements. A well established good manager in early settings needs to be multitasking as this factor is very important. He/she also requires an excellent knowledge of different policy on their provision should be updated regularly. Staff should be trained at all times as required. A manager should be able to solve problem and is able to be a good decision maker and build a strong team. Finally, the managers need to be aware of most government policy; Every Child Matters; safeguarding; Child Protection rules and regulations. Quote suggests: Educating a child takes cooperation and involvement from educators, parents, families, and the community. Everyone has heard the saying It takes a village to raise a child. Research has shown the greater the family and community involvement in schools, the greater the students achievement (Niemiec, R., Sikorski, M., Walberg, 1999). Words: 2693

The Relationship Between God and Evil Essay -- Christian God and Evil

Evil exists. This bizarre conundrum has perplexed philosophers since the dawn of civilization, and remains in hot debate today because of the theological implications inherent in the statement. To many on this planet, the source of life is an all-loving, all-powerful, omniscient god who created the universe – and all the laws therein – in seven days, as described in the Bible. And yet still, evil exists. How can these two premises be simultaneously true? Surely, an all-loving god would want to do something about this problem, and an all-powerful god could absolutely remedy a situation if it so desired. It seems as though the common perception of the Bible’s god is inaccurate. However, it could be argued that the Bible’s god is accurate, and that said perception is somewhat skewed, considering that on numerous occasions, God claims responsibility for evil. â€Å"I make peace and create evil. I the Lord do all these things.† (Isaiah 45:7). The Greek philosopher Epicurus put the Good God’s Evil puzzle in a very clear logical progression: â€Å"Is God willing to prevent evil, but is not able? Then he is not omnipotent Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent Is he both able & willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God? Of course, this doesn’t truly disprove the biblical God, but it certainly puts it into perspective. According to Christian doctrine, God raised His Son, Jesus, from the dead. This seemingly impossible feat proves, in the minds of believers, that their god is capable of anything. But as indicated by Epicurus, the monumental roadblock of suffering hinders this leap of faith. For example, if God raised Jesus from the dead – and thus intervened in the ... ...lized by – God, Dr. Roth’s Divine Dichotomy of the Christian God is now comparable to the duality of the Eastern yin-yang. â€Å"Good† and â€Å"Evil† are clearly inherent in the universe, and are inevitably built into the fabric of all models of the Divine. Works Cited James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc, 1902. Laertius, Diogenes, and C, D Yonge. The Lives And Opinions Of Eminent Philosophers. City: Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006 Mackie, John L. "Evil and Omnipotence." Mind ns 64.254 (1955): 200-12. Http://www.ditext.com. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. Peterson, Michael. â€Å"Toward a Theodicy for Our Day.† Evil and the Christian God. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1982. Roth, John K. â€Å"A Theodicy of Protest.† Encountering Evil: Live options in Theodicy. Ed. Stephen T. Davis. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1981.