On the Job Training: Conclusion and Recommendation Essay

Computers are becoming in our life and one cannot image life without computers in today’s world. If you go in any establishment computers are all places. We can say that this kind of innovation assist each and every one of us uses to experience a well-situated life. Thus, we students also need to use different gadgets, devices or modern technologies in order to have an easy going life at school. A manual computation in a school won’t give us a quick computation. Grade is the primary need in every school all over the world. Grading is one of the most important activities a faculty member does. Many problems in teaching arise because of grading issues. In an educational institution it is important to save files and information in a perfectly secured and life-long place. An example of this information is the grades of the students. It is truly significant to place these grades in a suitable place like computers. Grades in computers can be processed, find and secure in a safe and immediate way. A grading system is an application where grades can be access and save safely by the authorize user. It is a system that can help a lot, not just the registrars but also to the teaching staff. There are many advantages of having a computerized system. Usually it allows work to be stored, edited, and stored without much effort. It can also cut down on some of the paper in an office or make things more automated. Given the new innovative way of technology, a series of Computerized Grading System, based on this system would document trend and thereby increase the potentials of the technology education curriculum. It may be advantageous for the schools to use this system that might conduct developmental related need of the learners. Here are the following recommendations of the Computerized Grading System. 1. To communicate the achievement status of students to parents and others. Grading and Reporting System provide parents and other interested persons with the information about their child’s progress in persons. To some extent, it also serves to involve parents in education process. 2. To provide information students can use for self-evaluation easily. This system offers students information about the level of their academic achievement and performance in school. 3. To provide evidence of students’ lack of effort or inappropriate responsibilities. The system is frequently used to  document unsuitable behaviours on the part of certain students, and some teachers threaten students with poor grades in an effort to coerce more acceptable behaviours. 4. To have a fully implemented program that will help to ease jobs. Instructors and that student can rely on having an accurate grade. Objective Grading Format Calculates individual student grades. Collects and displays data for Outcomes Assessments. 5. To eliminate the lag time between the submissions of grades. The purpose of this system is intended to reduce the delay time of computation and submission of grades. This Computerized Grading System has several advantages unlike the manual computation. All the tasks can be done efficiently, faster and error free. The proponents attempt to develop a Grading System that may eliminate the word â€Å"manual†. Another feature is the automatic importing of grades from the instructor’s class record and printing it in different forms, unlike the current system wherein they need to write everything and present everything in person.

Religion in the Workplace Essay

Introduction Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. Under the First Amendment, Americans enjoy two freedoms with respect to religion: the right to be free from a government-imposed religion, and the right to practice any religion. While private employers are not bound by the Constitution’s restrictions on government, they are subject to federal and state laws that ban religious discrimination in employment. Given the number of employed persons, the diversity of religious faiths in this country, and the freedom we enjoy to express our views, the subject of religious discrimination continues to pose tough questions for employers and the courts. The Workplace Because of our country’s great diversity, employers may hire employees from a great variety of countries and religious backgrounds. In an ideal work environment, the religious beliefs of a given employee, or of the employer, do not create conflicts. Either is free to believe as he or she chooses and, as long as the work gets done satisfactorily, neither will encounter difficulty on the basis of religion. Yet, in the world we live in, a number of issues can arise to create friction. An employer and employee may discuss, or even argue over, religious principles. Religion is not simply a matter of belief. The faithful practice their religion through various actions to include; styles of dress, manner of keeping or wearing one’s hair, trying to recruit others to their faith, following certain diets, praying, fasting, avoiding certain language or behavior, and observing  certain religious holidays. Put simply, the many characteristics of different religions provide ample ground for disagreement, conflict, or even harassment among employers and employees on the job. In deontology, the golden rule is to treat others as you would have the treat you. I know that if I respected someone’s beliefs to be Muslim, I expect them to have the same respect for me and my belief in God or whatever religion I choose to place my faith in. Deontologist insists that actions should not be evaluated on the basis of the action’s consequences. Utilitarianism and Discrimination A utilitarian might argue that in a given company, the majority of its members belong to a certain faith tradition. The greatest good for the greatest number would seem to allow that majority to pray and participate in religious activities in the way they desire (Mosser, 2013). Rule utilitarianism argues that participating in something that causes harm decreases the happiness of those who participate, even passively, in that harm. For example, discrimination occurs when the employer maintains (or allows) a hostile environment for employees of particular faiths. Typically, this arises where co-workers harass an employee on the basis of his or her faith, to the point of creating an abusive or intimidating work environment. The harassment must be severe or pervasive in order to constitute discrimination under a hostile work environment theory. Thus, a simple disagreement over religious principles would probably not constitute unlawful harassment. Severe insults or threats, or continuing words and actions meant to harass or intimidate an employee on the basis of religion; however, it may cross the line of lawful conduct. Relativist Relativist believe that different cultures have different attitudes towards life, as well as when it begins and ends. They say the same about religion. Many believe that God created life and God ends life. Take a survey in the workplace and you will probably get a more diverse answer. Different cultures have different religions. But who is to say which religion is right? Some companies believe that the workplace is not a place for religion. Their attitude towards life is basically work is work and your  personal life (which includes your religion) is simply that. Your personal life should not conflict with your job. Leave your religion at home. Little do they know, religion is what’s keeping majority of their employees. Accommodating Religion in the Workplace While employers have a duty to accommodate the religious beliefs of their employees, the employer does have some leeway in how it conducts its business. There is a point where the changes that are required to accommodate an employee become a burden on the employer. Most likely, a request by an employee to trade shifts when his or her faith prevents working on Saturdays is likely to be reasonable. However, less reasonable might be a request that an employee have a particular holy month off each year. Whether an employer’s policy that limits the conduct of members of a particular faith is unreasonable depends on the circumstances. For example, a restaurant owner may require its cooks to wear hairnets or short hair, even if this creates an inconvenience for members of a faith that does not allow them to cut their hair. A job may also have certain qualifications or requirements that have the effect of limiting participation by a particular religious faith. A radio station that pla yed rock and roll music, for example, would be allowed to fire a disc jockey that refused to play rock and roll because it was against his religion. Deontology Deontology tells us to act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other. All human beings deserve dignity and respect and to treat a human being solely as a means to an end, to treat a human being instrumentally is to violate the categorical imperative and, thus, to act in a fundamentally immoral way. Regarding the workplace, we should treat each other’s religion as we would want our religion treated. Someone might need their religion at their job to keep them calm and sane. Some may need their religion at their job to keep peace and love between the employer and employees. In conclusion, the law gives broad protections to employees and managers when it comes to religious beliefs, â€Å"but once an employee’s conduct in the workplace creates problems because of their beliefs, it is problematic  (Tahmincioglu, 2012). Maybe religion should be accepted at work but at a distance. Use it to the point where it is accepted and once it gets out of hand, remove it. REFERENCES Mooser, K. 2013. Ethics and Social Responsibility, Second Edition. Tahmincioglu, E. 2012. Religion at work can bring fire and brimstone. From http://www.today.com/money/religion-work-can-bring-fire-brimstone-460844

River Rother

We are visiting four different locations, on the 18th September 2009, along The River Rother. It is hoped that these locations will demonstrate the three main courses of a river; Upper Course, Middle Course and Lower course. The four locations that we will be visiting and carrying out our tests are: 1. Marley Lane, for the upper course (the source) 2. Sedlescombe, for the middle course 3. Bodiam, for the lower middle course 4. Rye Harbour, for the lower course (mouth) The purpose of the study is to find out if our hypothesis proven correct or not, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.' Collecting data from each of the location hopefully will prove our hypothesis correct. The information that we need to collect from the three locations are; the width, depth and speed. To obtain these results we will be using a meter ruler, tape measure, clinometer and a dog biscuit. For some of the results that we are unable to get we will use a secondary source and we will compare our results to the results from text the books. The four locations that have been chosen are ideal for our study because they are close to the school, they show all the three stages of the rivers course and we are able to visit all the locations and get out tests done in one day. The River Rother, is 35 miles long, is a river flowing through the South East of England and runs though East Sussex and Kent. Its source is near Rotherfield which is in East Sussex, and its mouth is Rye Harbor, which is part of the English Channel. METHODOLOGY Width At a narrow point of the rivers course (Battle and Sedlescombe), we will use a meter ruler to measure the distance from one bank to other. At mid point (Bodiam), we will use a tape measurer crossing via a bridge. At the lower course (Rye), we will either estimate or use a secondary source. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the width does get bigger as you carry on down the rivers course. Depth At Battle and Sedlescombe we will measure the river's depth 5cm interval to find out the shape of the river channel. At Bodiam there is a bridge and at every meter we will measure the depth using a tape measure with a weight at the end to hold it down. At Rye we will use a secondary source because the river there is much to deep for us to measure. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the depth does getting deeper as you carry on down the rivers course. Speed of River The method for collecting the speed of the river will be the same at all for locations. We will measure ten meter along the side of the river, drop a dog biscuit in at zero on the stopwatch, and time it to see how long it takes to get to the end of the ten meters. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the speed does increase as you carry on down the rivers course. Photographs We will be taking photos as we walk round to show the type of land use that is there and the landscape to see if it is the same as a typical landscape. The landscape showed to be the same as a typical rivers landscape. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct. Field Sketches We will be noting down features/land uses of the land as we walk around so we can later on make a Field Sketch, really get an idea of the land use in the area, and see if it is like a typical river lay out. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct; the landscape forms a more U shape as you carry on down the rivers course. Observations As we are walking round, we will be noting down the land uses. Valley/Slope Profile In pairs, we will measure the valley sides and floor at the river and will measure the distance it is between each other gradient of slope and measure the angle using a Clinometer. In pairs we will stand at the top of the valley sides. The first person will pace out until the slope changes angle, we will note this and the person at the top of the slope will note down the reading of the angle change with the Clinometer. The second person will meet the first person and the will repeat this, until the other side of the valley. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the valley does make a ‘V' shape and closer you get to the mouth the ‘V' shape turns into a ‘U' shape. River Profile We will take the width measurement and depth measurement and create a cross section of the river for each location. Land Use Survey We will have an OS map of each location and use the keys to note down the land use. We will colour in the the land uses in different colour and after wards use a Ten by Ten grid (squared) and count up the number of square for each one and calculate the percentage out of a hundred for each one. We will then out this into a pie chart to show the percentages. The hypothesis we expect to be proven wrong for the land use to be the same as a typical river's land use. WHAT I EXPECT TO FIND Upper Course (Battle, Marley Lane) At this stage of the river it should be every slow and narrow and shallow. There should be many obstructions in the way of the river. It is because of all these obstructions that the river is flowing slowly. There will be steep valley sides a, ‘V', shaped valley and several waterfalls. There should be interlocking spurs. The land use should be over run by Pastoral Farmland and Woodland, Settlement. The volume should be small due to the large amount of obstructions and the shape of the valley which is due to the Interlocking Spurs (hard rock). Middle Course (Sedlescombe) The river should be wider than the upper course. The valley flor should be wider, faster flowing water and the volume should increase due to the change in the channel's shape. The valley shape should start to change more like a ‘U' shape. Pastoral Farmland and Woodland will dominate the land use. Lower Middle Course (Bodiam) The river has already started to widen so at this stage it is becoming even wider and the valley into a more pronounced ‘U' shape. From this the river is much large and deeper and volume is larger. The river should now be flowing much faster because there are very little obstructions in the way. Pastoral and Arable Farmland should dominate the land use. Lower Course (Rye) This stage should have the largest depth of the whole river because it is a deep ‘U' shape and the width is very wide. The speed as increased to its top speed because there is no obstructions in the way now and if there is every few. The main feature that should be found here is the mouth of the river that leads out to the Ocean. The flood plain is very large and the land use is all mainly Slat Marsh Land and Mud Flats so it unused and there is Industry. DATA ANALYSIS / INTERPRETATION Width The data that is being shown is the width of Battle, Sedlescombe, Bodiam and Rye. Rye had the largest width in between each bank leaving Battle the smallest. Ryes width was 2500cm; Bodiam had 1240cm, Sedlescombe 134cm and Battle 50cm. Rye has the largest width between each bank, this is because Rye is the lower course of the river and has no obstructions in the rivers path so it is the fastest flowing and erodes the banks faster. It is also the location where the mouth of the river, where it enters the sea. However, we did have to get this from a secondary source. Battle has the smallest width; this is because it is located in the upper course and the speed of the river here is at its slowest and is unable to erode the banks as freely as the lower course. The erosion found in the upper course is Vertical Erosion this is why in the upper course the river is shaped as a ‘V'. The most common type of erosion found in the middle course of the river is Lateral Erosion, which is why the river gets wider as you carry on further on down the river. The textbook theory from the textbook that the river gets bigger, in lateral erosion and vertical erosion, as you get near to the mouth of the river. Our hypothesis is proven correct for the width does act like a typical river. DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Depth The data that shows the depth of Battle, Sedlescombe, Bodiam and Rye. From the upper course to the mouth the rivers depth got larger. Starting with Battle, which had the smallest depth of, only had 37cm, Sedlescombe with 50cm, Bodiam 97cm and Rye with the largest out of them with 400cm. The data for Battle may have been altered due to the heavy rain on the day, which may have caused erosion. However, previously very dry weather had led to low volume of water. The depth at Rye we have had to get from a secondary source due to the difficult fact that we are unable to measure. From the data, it shows very clearly that the rivers depth does increase as it goes along. This is due to the transportation of more water and material, which erodes vertically, this, is the act of it eroding downwards and laterally, which of it eroding across. The theory from the textbook agrees with our hypothesis and what we have found, the river does get bigger in lateral erosion and vertical erosion, as you draw nearer to the month of the river. DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Speed The data shows that the River Rother picks up speed from Battle (Source) to Rye (Mouth). The speed of Battle was the slowest with 0.03m/ps, Sedlescombe 0.52m/ps, Bodiam 0.98m/ps and Rye with the fastest 1.72m/ps. The change in the speed is very noticeable when the river gets to Bodiam (lower middle course) the speed increases by 1.69m/ps. This is because this is the point of confluence (were two rivers meet).Battle and Sedlescombe are the tributary river from the River Brede, when a tributary river meet the speed and volume of the river increases. Because the volume increases that means there is more water in the river and from that there less obstructions in the way, so the river speed goes much faster. The theory from the textbook agrees with our hypothesis and what we have found, the river does get fast as you draw nearer to the mouth of the river. DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Valley Profiles The valley at Battle is quite deep at the sides and not very deep in the middle. The shape is shaped like a ‘U' but this maybe be because of the bridge that goes over the top of the river. Battle has a small valley that had been enlarged by the bridge. Therefore, this affected our results slightly but the valley was meant to be ‘V' shaped. Sedlescombe is a lot flatter than Battle and it is wider. But we where only able to measure one side of the valley, so our interpretation is an estimate due to privet land but it still has the typical shape of a ‘U' which is what we expected to find. Bodiam has a very wide valley floor and the valley slopes where at an angle making a rough ‘U' shape like a typical river at this stage. Rye, we where unable to measure because the valley floor was too large. However, this is what we expected to find because it is the last stage of the river, the mouth. The theory from the textbooks is that the valley goes from a ‘V' shape valley to a ‘U' shape valley. This is due to hard rock being in the upper course of the river and because the high lands are mainly rock it is harder for the river to erode the away at the banks so it's a narrow shape forming a ‘V' shape but the river winds around the hard rock a pattern like a snake. As you carry on down the river the hard rock starts to get erode so what is left are interlocking spurs, these also erode over time crating a wider valley floor crating a ‘U'shape. The hypothesis is proven correct for the Valley Profile. How do I add the figures? DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION River Profiles The width for the three locations is as followed from smallest to the largest; Battle 55cm, Sedlescombe 130cm and Bodiam with 1200cm. Bodiam had the largest depth also with 150cm. This was we expected to find because it is in the middle lower course But this is possible to wrong because in the river were we measured there are pillars to hold the bridge up. So while measuring we may have measured off one of those by accident. In Sedlescombe the deepest point was 53cm which isn't very deep but this is also expected because it is the upper lower course. The depth is possible to change here too though but only due to lateral erosion. In Battle we expected a shallow depth and we got a shallow depth with 5.5cm. When we took measurements of the river at the different points we put this information into a graph, the graph showed us the shape of the river at each location; Bodiam had long steep vertical banks and the river bed was flat with a few bumps and then back up forming an almost ‘U' shape. Sedlescombe was more of a ‘V' shape, the banks both went down at different angles to each other and the river bed had a lot more bumps. The two banks are at different angles this would be due to Lateral Erosion (which is erosion at outside of the bend) which is common in the middle course to form such features like Ox Bow Lakes. Battle was very shallow and lots of bumps along the bed and is hard to tell if it looked like a V shape. After comparing our graphs to a typical river to see if our hypothesis proven correct or not, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.' It is proven that it does act like a typical river when it is compared. Evaluation – Conclusion From all our data that we have collected proves our hypothesis, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.' Our hypothesis has got most typical physical features and land use of a normal typical river. For example; Width, the width of the river proved our hypothesis correct that the river does get bigger, in lateral erosion as you get near to the mouth of the river. Depth, the depth of the river proved our hypothesis correct that the river does get bigger, though vertical erosion, as you get near to the mouth of the river. Speed, the speed of the river proved our hypothesis correct that the river does get faster as you get nearer the mouth of the river. River Profile, the river profile went clearly from a V shape to a U as you carried on down the river nearer to the mouth. Vertical Erosion and Lateral Erosion cause this. Valley Profile, the valley profile also went clearly from a V shape to a U shape as you got nearer to the mouth of the river. So from our data our hypothesis is proven correct. However they are some parts of our data that does not agree with the typical river physical features. Like for example; Land Use, the land use around the four locations was proven to be wrong because at each location the land use was predicted different to what we found to really be their. Land Use, In Battle it was predicted we would find Hill Sheep Farming due to the steep land and large areas. But we found was Arable Farming mainly and lots of Settlement. Sedlescombe it was predicted we would find Arable Farming and Settlement. What we found was correct for this location. Bodiam was predicted that we would find it dominated by Arable Farming which is correct. Rye was expected us to find mainly Marsh Land and some Industry. What we found was mainly Marsh Land but also a lot of Industry and Lines of Communication. With that being the only thing that proves our hypothesis wrong against the several other facts that proves our hypothesis correct, The River Rother does includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river. Photo and Filed sketches Evaluation – Limitation After getting all of my results I am happy with what I ended up with because a large amount of the data agrees with our hypothesis, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.' The land use is the only thing that went against our hypothesis but two of the locations were a tributary from the River Rother. And because Rye is such a large river we are unable to carry out our tests on it because we don't have the resources so we have to get all the results from a secondary source, which could be either out of date or a bad estimate. All the data we collected could be improved for example; The measuring of the speed, instead of using a Dog Biscuit and counting till it got to a certain spot. We could have used a Flow Meter. We were only able to do the Dog biscuit test once because we only had one Dog Biscuit for each location and it kept getting caught on debris in the river; sticks, rocks, trees and other debris. In Sedlescombe there were too many trees to get an accurate result the dog biscuit kept getting caught so we had to use several leafs to get our results. If we had a Flow Meter the test would have been much easier to carry out and a lot more reliable. Measuring the depth in all three locations can change and be inaccurate, due to the amount of water volume at the time of the measurement. And for the fourth locations, Rye, we had to use a secondary source which could be wrong and out of date. Bodiam we could only measure one side, the other is an estimate so that can be wrong affect the results of the data. Also the pillars in the river that hold up the bridge, it is possible that we could have been measuring off one of those for our depth. Sedlescombe's results were as good as we could get them. There was no interference other than the rocks in the water but they are natural so it's possible. In Battle it was very easy to measure because at Battle the river was very shallow. So if there was any interference we could just easily move it out the way. The way that we could have improved measuring the depth would be getting a boat and sailing to the middle of the river and dropping a weight with a tap measure and making sure we don't get any pillars. Finding the width of the river valley could all be wrong because in Rye we had to use a secondary source, in Bodiam we were only able to measure one side of the river valley due to what looked like privet land and us having to estimate what the other side, and finally Battle and Sedlescombe are both a tributary from the River Brede, so this could be a problem to our results because were meant to be collecting results from the River Rother and not the River Brede. The way we can improve all of this is by having different up to date sources and up to date equipment and measure more than once and take an average. For Sedlescombe how we measured the width was measuring across the bridge rather than measuring the river its self which means the bridge was probably wider than the river so this is a problem that can affect our results. The way we could have done this better is by getting two people down on either side of the river and measuring the length with a tape measure as close as we can. Battle is small enough to easily enough to have trustworthy measurements. The Valley Profile could have been improved a lot more by actually counting and measuring out our own individual steps instead of making all our steps the same with the same distance between each one. These problems could have easily been solved with a Meter Counter, counting our distance and adding up the distance we travelled accurately and correctly. And once we are back in the class room working out our meters into our own steps. This would have improved our data. Measuring the shape of the land with the clinometers wasn't perfect because not everyone was the same high as their partner so the accuracy was off at that point as well as the clinometers steaming up from the temperature made it hard to read the angles. The day that we went to the four different locations to do our test to get our results wasn't the best of days. The weeks before where hot and sunny causing evaporation, less water. Then the day and night before our trip it rained causing erosion and prevented us from doing most of the tests we needed to do correctly. It wasn't a good temperature either causing the clinometers to steam up and unable to read the angles accurately enough for a good result. The rain also ruined my own paper with my results on it making me have to get other results that could be wrong. And people rushing the test because it would start to rain again made it possible that we skipped something important and get the wrong results. Our hypothesis, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.' can be inaccurate because it isn't being very clear to what kind of river it wants us to test for, ‘a typical river' is there such thing? All rivers are going to be different whether its due to what part of a country they are in or the size of the river or even how much rain the river gets. But I think the main problem that makes our hypothesis inaccurate is not noting what country this typical river is from. A river in Africa is going to be different to a river in England because of the amount of rain fall, less rain less water in the river to clear the obstructions causing the river to have a smaller volume and slower speed. The land use would be completely different too; most of Africa is a LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) so there wouldn't be a large amount of Settlement and Industry around the mouth of the river. The weather conditions affect the comparisons too, for example; if there is a heat wave the river will lose a lot of water causing speed to slow and volume to drop, depth and width would change too. In England we usually expect rain so the rivers volume, speed, depth and width would all increase. The hypothesis should change to a more clearer, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river in England'. Or something similar that is more targeted on a specific river.

BUSN300 UNIT 2 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

BUSN300 UNIT 2 IP - Research Paper Example This paper will highlight the presentation of a new president of a local chamber of commerce in the United States addressing the expected GDP growth rate and give business leaders an idea of the outlook of business based on history and expected conditions. It will also highlight GDP trends, forecasts, statistics, determination and interpretation. Annual United States GDP in 2012 grew by 2.2 percent, as compared to a 1.8 percent increase posted in 2011 (BEA, 2012). The 2012 increase basically mirrored positive inputs from both residential and non residential fixed investments, expenditure on personal consumption and exports. Nevertheless, the GDP went down to 1.5 percent in the last quarter of 2012 as compared to the third quarter, denoting a decrease of 0.10 percent. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, GDP had gone up by 3.1 percent in quarter three (BEA, 2012). The fourth quarter’s drop in GDP was attributed to reduced contributions seen in exports, federal spending and private investment. However, increases in personal consumption expenditures, nonresidential fixed investments and reduced imports served to offset the drop in part. Business, educational, rental, financial and professional service account for a combined 40 percent of the United States GDP. Wholesale and retail businesses contribute 12 percen t. However, although the United States is a net food exporter because of using advanced technologies, agriculture only makes up for the GDP’s 1.5 percent. The economy’s total output can be determined in either of several ways available. The common ways include terms of income paid out, which sums up the different income forms that primary production factors receive (Michael & Alm, 1999). The other is in terms of subsequent expenditure arising from the income. In accounting for GDP, it is ensured that total production matches income which, in turn, matches expenditure. That implies that all goods produced within the economy

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment Essay

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment - Essay Example This paper analyses how our life styles are affecting our environment. Air pollution, water pollution, generation of hazardous waste, and noise pollution are some of the major environmental problems caused by industries (Industrial Pollution, p.87). Majority of the industries emit harmful gases into the atmosphere which is causing atmospheric pollution. When living things forced to breath these toxic gases, various types of diseases may develop among living things including humans. Increased use of fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides in agricultural fields is causing huge water pollution. When rain water flows through such agricultural fields, unused, fertilizers and chemicals will dissolve in the water and pollute it. people who use such water for drinking purpose may develop severe health problems. Nuclear power plants are constructed on a large scale at present in order to solve the energy crisis. The nuclear wastes produced from such nuclear power plants are dumping into the sea and other places. These nuclear wastes have the ability to liberate harmful radiations for thousands of years and cancer like health problems can be increased because of that. Heavy machineries are normally operating inside the factories. These machineries can generate huge noises which can generate noise pollution. Automobiles also can generate noise pollution.... Hydrocarbon emissions result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or burn only partially. Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems. It is our most widespread and intractable urban air pollution problem. A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer (Automobile Emissions: An Overview, p.2) The emissions from automobiles are causing severe threats to the atmosphere. Majority of the gases emitted by the automobiles are causing atmospheric pollution and other problems. Deforestation is another major manmade environmental problem. Trees absorb the dangerous carbon dioxide from atmosphere and liberate more useful oxygen to the atmosphere. In other words, dense forests which provide us fresh air or oxygen for breathing have given way for industrial units which liberates toxic gases to the environment. In other words the protectors of environment given way for the destructors of the environment. It should be noted that deforestation can cause climatic changes also. Refrigerators and air conditioners are essential things for the modern generation. People keep a blind eye towards the fact that these modern equipment are liberating CFC into the atmosphere which is capable of destroying the ozone protection above the atmosphere. Ozone covering above the atmosphere is necessary to prevent harmful radiations reaching on earth from sun and other stars. Reports from the European press states that Soviet Union is secretly dumping nuclear reactors and radioactive waste into the bordering seas (Rao, p.1). Nuclear waste disposal is another major environmental

Marketing Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Report - Essay Example Product decisions involve choices on brand names, features, quality and design, packaging, warranties and the services that will come along with product offering (Jobber, 2013). The perfect product must be of value to the consumer. It must be what they want exactly. A feedback system is necessary to know the customers’ satisfaction and also get the thoughts of the customers. The Amanzi Tea is a cafà © that specializes in bubble tea, beverages and desserts. It uses the social media, twitter and facebook, as a platform for advertisement and consumer feedback. This category involves decisions regarding list price, discounts, credit terms and payment periods (Jobber, 2013). The price needs to be competitive, not necessarily the cheapest, since the quality of services are tied to the price charged. The price must also ensure profitability of the business (CIM, 2009). Amanzi Tea is a middle-class cafà ©, and its prices are relatively high. Furthermore, they charge extra for additional flavor shots. Take away services are available too. This is how a company presents their product and communicates to consumers what the product offers. It deals with choices on advertisements, personal selling, direct and internet marketing, sales and promotions, and public relations (Jobber, 2013). The main aim is usually to try and give the consumer a reason to choose your product over similar products from competitors. Aside from quality beverages and accompaniments, Amanzi Tea provides free WiFi to its customers. This might be common in many other cafes, but it sure does give Amanzi Tea an edge over a few other restaurants (Amanzi Tea 2014). This involves choices regarding distribution channels and their management, location of outlets, methods of transportation and inventory levels to be held (Jobber, 2013). The location of an outlet must be convenient to the customer base. Amanzi Tea is located in Marylebone, London,

Interprofessional Education Workshop Assignment

Interprofessional Education Workshop - Assignment Example The first way in which the workshop expressions show a need to fill the gap of the health profession with the right education is through the roles of each individual. In the first segment of the workshop, basic introductions and expectations of the field which one was studying were given. During this part of the workshop, each individual stated their field of study and how this would be used in the profession after graduation. It could instantly be seen that there was a gap in the understanding of what each individual was doing. In one participant describing the pharmaceutical role she played, others questioned what that meant and what she would be doing. The discussion led to the need to define why the individual was in the group, how it related to medicine and what the expectations were. Even though the individual would be in a health department and team, the collaboration was limited by the inability to understand the specialization that each of the members had. If there are these gaps with the basic job descriptions and roles which each individual holds, then it won’t provide the right support for patients while working in a health professional setting. The concept of interprofessional education works by filling this gap so basic introductions of those working in the field are understood. The practice of knowing what each individual is required to do is one of the ways in which the gap is shortened while in the field. This is combined with understanding what an individual has the capacity of doing while in the field. The practice of collaboration that the education offers is the beginning to understanding the processes which each individual should go through while building a basic understanding of what the roles of the professionals are within a health setting (D’amour, Oandasan, 2005, 8).  

Corporations Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporations Law - Essay Example Although the venture is doing well, there are some matters that are starting to concern them. One of their good friends who had also created an application similar to ChitChat was sued by an employee for negligence and a footballer for defamation. The court’s decision favored both the employee and the footballer and the application creator ended up losing the application as well as her house and cars. The three friends, Lauryn, Nicole and Elizabeth, are scared that the same might occur to them, and they may lose the application as well as their personal property. The three friends are also unsure on how to sign contracts with suppliers and especially if they will all be liable for a contract entered into by one of them. Additionally, they have heard that other developers are raising money to fund other ventures, and they would also like to be able to raise funds to finance other applications they are working on. The three are unsure of the most appropriate business structure t hey should adopt. Issue The three friends would like to enter into a formal business organization that would allow them to manage and operate the activities of ChiChat effectively. The three friends are concerned about the legal liability of the undertaking particularly the extent of their individual liability in the venture and as such would like a business structure that will address this issue. ... A partnership agreement can be written or oral; however, if the partners wish to make their arrangement positively clear and enforceable it is prudent to draw up Articles of Partnership. Formally partnered entities can easily be made public through press releases, advertisements or public records. There are several types of partnerships, and they include general partnerships, limited liability partnerships and limited partnerships. In a general partnership arrangement, all partners manage the company and are personally accountable for its liabilities (Mayson, French, & Ryan, 1989 p. 19). In a limited partnership, some limited partners relinquish their management role in the partnership, in substitute for limited liability for the partnerships liabilities. The other type of partnership is the limited liability partnership where all the partners have some degree of limited liability for the liabilities of the partnership (Sealy, & Worthington2007 p.115). Liability Every individual in t he partnership undertaking are both an agent and a principal of the partnership and may, therefore, bind the other partners and the firm. This implies that each partner is jointly and severally accountable for the debts of the partnership, which include the share of the partner’s risks as well as being liable for the risks of the partnership in its general course of business. The liability of a partner to a business is, therefore, unlimited in respect to a general partnership. In limited partnerships, the liability of a partner is limited to some degree (Morse, 2010 p. 24). It is also noteworthy that, in limited partnerships, the limited partners cannot take part in the operations of the partnership for their liability to remain limited. Lauryn, Nicole and Elizabeth’s

Community culture and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Community culture and change - Essay Example It bothers much on the issue of the ethnical minority whereas Britain believes in enrichment of lives through cosmopolitan outlook of human existence via eco-social aspect of its perception. Behind the principle of social theories that every good society is ever changing, there erects the monument of the cross-question what about the recognition of the ethnical identity of the mainstream Britain. The opportunity of racial acceptance, religious tolerance, political understanding and economic support led Britain to face this serious question withering the belief that society that does not change gets extinction. Initiated and influenced by British initiative in the post and prior industrial revolution European White settlers almost colonized the one third of the world. The Second World War brought a drastic change in the imperialistic set up and colonial power had to honor the democratic rights of each commonwealth nations. This followed a great influx of immigrants in Britain in the p rocess of idealizing a multicultural British society. Still the question poses the righteousness of such historic liberality.The latest official figures surveyed in 2006 show net immigration to the UK of 591,000 immigrants and 400,000 emigrants Stephens, J. 2006 "Multiculturalism". Only one in six were from Eastern European countries. Immigrants from New Commonwealth countries outnumbered them. Immigration from the Indian subcontinent, mainly fuelled by family reunion, accounted for two-thirds of net immigration. By contrast, at least 5.5 million British-born people are living abroad. The threats born out of liberal public policies in Great Britain demand minute scrutiny over the facts of composite culture. No civilized man would appreciate the historic 7 July whatever be the ground of identity crisis if even one side the bombers and their influencing powers. The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of coordinated terrorist bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. At 8:50 a.m., three bombs exploded within fifty seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth bomb exploded on a bus nearly an hour later at 9:47 a.m. in Tavistock Square. The bombings killed 52 commuters and the four suicide bombers, injured 700, and caused disruption of the city's transport system and the country's mobile telecommunications infrastructure, (News archive 'The Guardian' UK). Different world free thinkers forums were shocked to get the shocking news that mix origin British citizens carried the nasty terrorist's acts. Fun damental belief system inspired them, which has been a serious concern for the mainstream British today. HISTORIC CULMINATION OF CHANGES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Social changes that promoted multicultural consensus of human existence under the British clemency had its roots in literature, art, science, technology and every sort of humanistic social institutions. Their terrestrial expansion even propagated a classless and fearless free society where feminism,

Panama Canal Lock Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Panama Canal Lock - Case Study Example The whole of the Guton Lock system works in three steps. The ship enters the first chamber at the Guton lock which is at the sea level on the Atlantic side. The water tight gates are closed after the ship get in to the first chamber. A valve is the opened to allow water from the second chamber into the first chamber until both chambers the water levels up. Following this equalization of the levels of water, the valve is the closed and the gate between the first and second chamber is opened for the ship to move to the second chamber (Sherman 35). The first operation is repeated between the second and third lock to move the ship into the third lock which raise the ship to the Guton Lake water level. After closing of the final valve and opening of the final gate, the ship will have been raised up to 85ft to the Pacific Ocean water level. The forces that act on the first lock on the pacific side are majorly from the water in the Pacific Ocean that exerts pressure on the first gate. In the subsequent locks, forces act from both sides of the gates due to the water that is held inside the chambers. The Key factor in the design of the Guton lock was the water. The lifting of the ships in the lock to the level of the Guton Lake is done by water (Ulrich 9). The water in the lock lifts the ship up to 85feet and floats the ship across the divide. After crossing the continental divide, the water is again used to lower the ships to the sea level in the opposite side of the ocean. This therefore means that water was the major important consideration in the construction of the Guton Lock just like in the other three locks of the Panama Canal. In the design therefore, it was important to consider the force that the water exert on the locks. As more water is allowed inside the chamber of the lock, it exerts pressure to the walls. Another source of force on the walls of the lock chamber is the weight of the ship that is being raised by the lock up to 85 feet above sea

Exploring inclusion in a UK primary school Essay

Exploring inclusion in a UK primary school - Essay Example Vygotsky, a world-renowned psychologist hypothesized that â€Å"a child whose development is impeded by a defect is not simply a child less developed than his peers but is a child who has developed differently† (Vygotsky, 1993, p.67). He further emphasized that â€Å"what made development different for those with mind and body differences was the intellectual and social compensatory processes in which they were powerfully motivated to engage in order to be part of their social milieu.† (in McPhail & Freeman, 2005). Vygotsky claims: â€Å"In the final analysis, what decides the fate of a personality is not the defect itself, but its social consequences, its socio-psychological realization† (Vygotsky, 1993, p. 68). This prompts parents and teachers suspecting children of having special education needs to go for professional diagnosis for that particular child. This is an important step towards optimal development. A very recent BBC news report claims that â€Å"early intervention will improve the lives of vulnerable children and help break the cycle of "dysfunction and under-achievement". (Sellgren, 2011, para.1). To determine if a child has special education needs, it should first be evaluated if he has a developmental disability: A broad definition of a developmental disability is a condition or disorder—physical, cognitive, or emotional—that has the potential to significantly affect the typical progress of a child’s growth and development or substantially limits th ree or more major life activities including self-care, language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and/or economic self-sufficiency (Federal Developmental Disabilities Act of 1984). Collating observations the child, teachers and parents may be reviewed by a special education needs coordinator or SENCO. This is the person responsible for implementing the SEN Code of Practice. He or She is primarily responsible for assessing, planning, monitoring and reviewing child’s provision and progress (Teaching Expertise B, 2010). As such, the SENCO will be able to support the child’s teachers in the provision of special education needs for him by way of providing in-service staff training, setting effective targets for the child and creating an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) with the school teachers and key staff to suit his needs (Teaching Expertise B, 2010). The SENCO can design interventions that take a graduated approach. He/She may co me up with a team of specialists to work together to meet the child’s special needs. â€Å"Multi-agency working is  essentially about bringing together practitioners with a range of skills to work across their traditional service boundaries† (Every Child Mattters: Changes for Children). A multi-disciplinary team of special needs educators, therapists, psychologists, speech pathologists, physicians, social workers and even government officials may join hands in the care and education of children with special needs to ensure their optimum growth and development (Teaching Expertise A, 2010). Coordinating with a SENCO is in compliance with the Children’s Act 2004, the legislative support of Every Child Matters programme. This act aims to â€Å"improve and integrate children's services, promote early intervention, provide strong leadership and bring together different professionals in multi-disciplinary teams in order achieve positive outcomes for children and you ng people and their families† (DfEs Children Act and Reports, 2004). The five key outcomes set out in Every

Case Schwab Essay Example for Free

Case Schwab Essay Under Pottruck’s direction, the company suffered financial set-backs when they did not lower prices in the highly competitive market instead deciding to focus on expanding the business to include institutional trading and research, dropping individual investors on their list of priorities. The strategy again shifted to their initial strategy, focusing on the company’s long-term relationship with individual investors, providing competitive service fees, and careful allocation of resources under the reestablished management of Mr. Schwab’s. Customer retention, customer attainment, establishing long-lasting customer relationships, and building upon a structure that supports effective business decision are also key parts of the strategy. The strategy focused on customer relationships, competitive pricing, and thoroughly analyzed resource allocation. With the changes in strategy at Schwab, information needs increased. In regard to the strategy, Schwab needed to capture data that could successfully allow them to properly allocate resources and identify profitable areas, non-profitable areas, and cost saving opportunities. The changes in strategy at Schwab have required more detailed data to be gathered for effective profitability analysis. The different versions of PAS (Profitability Analysis System) has satisfied the information needs for the new strategy. How? After identifying the information needs and the vital contribution of data for the support of business decision-making, Schwab developed MUSE (Model for Understanding Schwab Economics), it was the first cost system introduced and later MUSE II was developed. MUSE allocated costs among products, segments, and channels. Special focus was given to products since they had the most baring, positive or negative, on customers, which was the focal point under the Schwab strategy. MUSE II was later introduced and reflected the original cost system with the addition of the activity-based costing principles in order to capture profitability data. The cost systems developed in pursuit of establishing a profitability analysis system served a very effective purpose. With the individual investor the root of the strategy it was important to maintain a positive relationship to retain customers. Mr. Schwab implemented the new or initial strategy because it had proven to be the key to success for Schwab. In order to assess the satisfaction of the customers, it made sense to zero in on the product and customer engagement and results. The cost systems developed provided that information for Schwab. MUSE II was very effective in providing valuable insight for management by capturing very detailed and thorough data. With the division of segments, products, channels and customer segments, data was very specific and abundant. Muse II provided insight into Schwab’s cost structure for effective decision-making. CAP (Customer Account Profitability) indentified individual customer profitability which was limited information as to not create an aggressive sales environment. According to the case, both versions evaluated segments and channels on revenues they generated and costs that were under their direct control. By identifying profitability they can effectively price products and equally important, they can create cost savings for customers by identifying the trade-offs. For example, the case noted that through PAS, by waiving Schwab One customers service fees for accounts with balances of at least $25,000 oppose to the current $50,000 requirement, they in turn would have a greater retention rate of clients in this category and found it relevant to do so also because these clients stand a greater chance of not only remaining a Schwab customer but also had great potential for portfolio growth or profitability. Overall, the versions of PAS developed by Schwab were highly effective in pinpointing profitability among products, segments, and channels. Given this information, Schwab was able to turn that into savings for customers, better product referrals, customer satisfaction, higher levels of customer retention, and create a competitive edge in the increasingly competitive market. The information provided by the PAS cost systems proved to be invaluable to Schwab’s success and position in the market and met Schwab’s strategy information needs. 2. What factors have enabled Schwab to extract value from the PAS? What elements have made it difficult for the PAS to create value? There were many factors that enabled Schwab to extract value from PAS such as effective analysis, broken down data, capturing data from product, segment, and channel separately, linking profitability to different areas, identifying customer profitability, utilizing the data effectively for more informed business decisions, perfecting product referrals, maintaining customer retention as the focus, quickly acting on negative or positive trends to ensure their competitiveness, responding to market fluctuations including price matching, and maintaining an ongoing analysis of data and the commitment to Schwab’s proven strategy. Elements that have made it difficult for the PAS to create value include interpreting behavior costs once CLI (Cost Leadership Initiative) measures were implemented and determining whether costs were fixed or variable which is not provided through the PAS. Though the PAS provides valuable data, this data once analyzed has revealed cost saving opportunities; however, persuading customers to alter practices is not easy. For example, the case discussed consumer behavior in regards to trading activity. They found it was necessary to charge for transactions performed at off-peak times for IT cost purposes. Although this information was helpful and fees were attached to influence more desirable transaction times, customer trading patterns did not change and also induced back-office processes due to the IT fee structure. Would you advise Velez to pursue the idea of providing different levels of service to customers in the same segment, depending on their profitability? More specifically, in page 10 of the case Velez mentions the possibility of differentiated call routing as a function of customer profitability. Keeping in mind that one of the factors determining profitability is the frequency of calls to the call center, please consider the following dimensions of the policy: What are the advantages and disadvantages of providing different call waiting times for customers in the same segment, as a function of customer profitability? How would you implement this differentiated call routing? Would you inform customers in advance about the different levels of service? If so, how? How long should Schwab observe a customers behavior before routing him/her to the long wait queue? Do you believe that the new routing will affect customer profitability? In particular, how would you calculate the cost of call center capacity for different customers? If priority call routing was implemented then the more profitable segments would be better served and have a better perception of Schwab in their ability to execute and resolve their needs. An advantage would be the more profitable segments would be l ess likely to jump ship and maintain loyalty to Schwab. Priority routing would enable Schwab to serve and assist their most profitable clients and improve their client relations which could lead to new clients as a result of their reputation. A disadvantage of priority routing would not improve their less profitable customer segments perception of Schwab. Although the less profitable customer segments may not trade as often, they are still a customer and if they do not feel valued by Schwab then they would not feel the need to reciprocate loyalty and turn to a competitor. Seeing that the less profitable segment does not trade as often, Schwab would be missing out on the few opportunities to create a positive customer interaction. With the lack of significant interaction the customer is likely to base their opinion on service during the few transactions they make and having to hold for long periods result in unsatisfied customers. Perhaps it would be more effective to inform customers in advance about the ‘higher’ level of service for those ‘dedicated customers’. I would steer clear of the term ‘different levels of service’, that would not be received well at all. By telling/advertising to customers who perform frequent transactions that because of their transaction activity, they would be assisted promptly for their convenience, lets the customer know they are valued thus, creating greater customer loyalty. Schwab should observe a customer’s transaction history over about a six month period to capture reliable information in regard to their profitability. Recent activity should also be analyzed to determine a possible change in the customer behavior which would prove to be an exception in an effort to improve relations with the customer for retention purposes. The new routing system could potentially increase the profitability of the already profitable customers. The profitable customer segment will be more willing to perform more transactions based on the efficient service they experience being a high priority client. To determine the total cost of call center capacity for different customers, first indentify total calls by segment and allocate a percent of cost based on duration of interaction while identifying transaction type (trade, inquiry, or balance transfer). 4. Describe the compensation system for the division manager [for example, John Clendening] and the branch manager. What metrics are at the root of the variable compensation system? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system? The variable compensation system provides compensation for higher levels of management based on a series of measures such as customer satisfaction, customer retention, market share, successful transactions, product engagement, quality of customer interaction, capacity or productivity, and alignment with business strategy, all of which are reflective by specific branches. The variable compensation system is subjective to a number of factors; therefore, what to compensate is unclear. Selecting meaning and fair metrics can also pose as a problem since there are external factors that change business trends and may misrepresent the branch’s performance figures. With the added pressure, management may be inclined to manipulate the figures for a better representation of branch operations. Variable compensation can motivate management to ensure their branch or district is producing positive performance figures. By offering management stock options, shares, or even bonuses, Schwab encourages management to act in the best interest of the company. Through variable compensation, what is good for the Schwab is good for management. The incentive-type monetary compensation like any motivates Schwab’s management to out-perform competition and maintain that operations are in alignment with Schwab’s strategy.

Bilateral Ankle Fusion in Leak Syndrome Induced Deformity

Bilateral Ankle Fusion in Leak Syndrome Induced Deformity ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Systemic capillary leak syndrome is a rare condition of unknown etiology defined by sudden episode of hypotension, high hematocrit and low serum protein concentration due to capillary hyperpermeability. Several treatments have been published for this pathology and eventual compartment syndrome but not for the disabling consequences. This clinical case highlights the negative orthopaedic consequences of a severe systemic attack and reports a subsequent deformity treatment option that resulted in patient quality of life improvement. To our knowledge, orthopaedic surgery for systemic capillary leak syndrome induced foot and ankle deformity is presented for the first time. CASE PRESENTATION: A 40-year-old caucasian female patient was referred to our institution for bilateral foot and ankle deformity after compartment syndrome during systemic capillary leak syndrome attack. She presented a bilateral rigid equino-cavo-varus-adductus deformity causing walk impairment. Bilateral ankle fusion by retrograde nailing was performed in a two-staged procedure. Rigid claw toes were also surgically addressed in an additional procedure. Radiologically, apparent ankle fusion occurred at 3 months post-op in both sides. Deformity correction allowed the patient to regain walking capacity. A right ankle tibiotalar failed arthrodesis was noticed at 24 months post-op. Prophylactic human immunoglobulin therapy was initiated after the last surgery with no recurrent attack registered during the 38 months follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Bilateral ankle fusion improved this patient quality of life by restituting walking capacity and lowering the probability of lower limb deformity related ulcers and infections. Major and minor complications are also discussed. This report contributes to the global knowledge about this syndrome and elicits the importance of the induced deformities surgical correction. Keywords: systemic capillary leak syndrome, (SCLS), compartment syndrome, equino-varus, ankle fusion, ankle retrograde nailing, human immunoglobulin. INTRODUCTION Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), describedby Clarkson et al. in 1960 [1], is a rare condition defined by sudden episodes of hypovolemic shock, elevated hematocrit and hypoalbuminemia without albuminuria [2, 3]. The etiology is still unknown, although several possible triggers have been reported as upper respiratory tract infections, sustained physical effort and menstruation [1, 4]. It results in generalized or segmental edema and, in severe cases,compartment syndrome requiring emergent fasciotomy [2-5]. The sudden intracompartimental high pressure often originates vascular and neurological damage and consequent lower limb deformity [3, 6]. Prolonged hospital stay may also aggravate this condition with osteoporosis following a long-term immobilization or limb disuse. Deformity frequently leads to walk impairment and decreased quality of life [7]. A few retrospective studies report ankle fusion for correction of compartment syndrome induced deformity. None of them included SCLS etiology for compartment syndrome [6,7]. Several treatments have been published for SCLS and compartment syndrome [1-5] but not for the disabling consequences. To our knowledge, orthopaedic surgery for SCLS induced foot and ankle deformity is presented for the first time. CASE PRESENTATION A 40-year-old caucasian female patient was referred to our institution due to bilateral foot and ankle deformity. She had been previously diagnosed with systemic capillary leak syndrome after sudden episode of hypotension, high hematocrit and low serum protein concentration. This acute phase was managed by fluid resuscitation.The consequent generalized compartment syndrome was treated with extensive fasciotomies of both arms, forearms, hands, thighs and legs. She stayed three weeks in the intensive care unit and eight months hospitalized. Although an intense physical therapy program was applied, she was unable to walk and autonomy was limited to a wheelchair. On examination she presented a bilateral severe stiff equino-cavo-varus-adductus deformity with retraction due to subcutaneous and muscle scarring and neurological deficit. Claw hallux and lesser toes were also present bilaterally. Plantigrade weight bearing was not possible (Fig. 1). American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 20 points. Plain radiographs showed bilateral equinovarus ankle deformity with supinated feet (Fig. 2). Achilles, posterior tibial and flexor digitorum longus tendons lengthening was performed by medial approach associated to right tibio-talocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde locked intramedullary nail (PANTA ® IntegraTM) by lateral approach. Distal fibula bone was used as an autograft. At 8 weeks of follow-up, plastic surgery applied a free skin graft over a persistent post-operative medial blister (Fig. 3). Apparent fusion was obtained at three months post-operatively (Fig. 4). Six months after the initial surgery, fusion of the left ankle was performed in exactly the same fashion. Surgical wound dehiscence was the short-term complication and was resolved with dressing changes. Fusion was obtained at three months post-operatively. (Fig. 4). Fourteen months after the first surgery, we documented recurrent dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints inflammation with shoe wear. Right foot Moberg osteotomy, resection arthroplasty of PIP joints and flexor tendon tenotomy of all the lesser toes were performed. Left foot Moberg osteotomy, PIP joints fusion of the 2nd and 3rd toes with intramedullary guide implant (Ipp-On ® IntegraTM), PIP joints resection arthroplasty of the 4th toe and flexor tendon tenotomy of all the lesser toes were performed. Failure of the left hallux Moberg osteotomy staple caused hardware removal at 6 weeks post-op (Fig. 5). The rehabilitation protocol included immediate weight-bearing with walking boots and lower limb drainage. Prophylactic human immunoglobulin therapy was initiated after the last surgery. She regained walking capacity with balanced shoes and returned to work four months after left foot surgery. AOFAS score was 61 points. No toes related complaints, pressure ulcers or terminal necrosis of the toes were found. Twenty-four months after initial surgery she complained of right ankle pain de novo with weight bear and local swelling. Radiologically, failed arthrodesis with tibiotalar and subtalar bone reabsorption, peri-implant proximal radiolucency and distal calcaneus screw fracture were shown (Fig. 6). No local drainage or blood test infection parameters were found. Only symptomatic treatment and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were prescribed. At 38 months of follow-up the patient refers no significant right ankle pain and no SCLS attacks recurrence were registered. DISCUSSION This high-risk patients and the unpredictable course of the disease required a multidisciplinary treatment options discussion. The patient never accepted irreversible autonomy loss and was aware of all the possible negative surgery consequences when she signed the surgery consent. There are few treatment options for long-term sequelae of compartment syndrome that include arthroscopic assisted arthrodesis, fusion with external fixator or internal devices such as plates or intramedullary nails. Arthroscopic arthrodesis is an excellent option when sparing the soft tissues is needed, however, this correction is limited to mild deformities. External fixation represents a serious risk of pin tract infection with no consensus about prevention treatment [8] and therefore we advocate as a potential risk for SCLS relapse. Fusion with plate and screws implies a considerable aggression to the already damaged soft tissues, although it represents a high stiffness construct. The authors managed this clinical case as an equino-varus-cavo-adductus deformity after lower extremity compartment syndrome. Retrograde nailing avoided extensive striping and Berend et al. has demonstrated better biomechanics stiffness compared to crossed screws [9]. Wang et al. [6] described excellent satisfaction rate after retrograde nailing for lower extremity compartment sequelae. No tendinous transfers were considered due to neurological deficit, scarred muscles and stiff joints. Claw toes deformity has a high risk of pressure ulcers by shoe wear conflict. Local infection in SCLS patients may represent a potential trigger for relapse and therefore must be corrected. Considering the stiff interphalangeal joints, hallux claw deformity was managed by bilateral Moberg osteotomy. Lesser toes were addressed by resection arthroplasty of PIP joints with the exception of the stiffer left second and third toes that were fixated with an intramedullary guide implant [10]. Fusion rate of only 50% (1/2 ankles) was low compared to another published study that show rates around 91% of primary bony union after bilateral ankle arthrodesis. However, none of these patients had post-compartment syndrome ankle deformity and related sequelae [11]. With no signs of infection, late failed arthrodesis may be related to compartment syndrome, local vascular and neurological damage, technical error or even SCLS per se. Three minor complications were registered. One large posteromedial blister required skin grafting six weeks after right ankle procedure. A left ankle lateral surgical wound dehiscence healed by secondary intention only with dressing changes. Failure of left hallux Moberg osteotomy staple was managed by hardware removal. These complications are relatively common and have been previously described in foot and ankle deformity correcting arthrodesis [6, 12]. They are usually due to poor skin and vascular conditions. No delayed weight bearing was noticed in rehabilitation program due to prompt and successful treatment. Concerning deformity correction, the results were very satisfactory. The AOFAS score increased from 20 to a total of 61 points even after tibio-talocalcaneal arthrodesisthat does not allow any hind foot movement. Moreover, the painless plantar support permitted walking without crutches after 24 months confined to wheelchair. Returning to work was also an important milestone for this patient. At 38 months of follow-up the patient is now asymptomatic with minor local right ankle edema and no walking limitation. Radiologically the bone reabsorption appears to have stabilized. Anecdotal evidence has shown good results in ankle arthrodesis revision after compartment syndrome [6]. However, one must consider unpredictable consequences of fusion revision in a SCLS patient, including a severe attack during the anaesthesia or post-op infection with potential lethal consequences. This patient has been diagnosed with idiopathic form of SCLS. Although no direct cause was identified she had been taking azithromycin for a respiratory tract infection which may represent a potential trigger [4,13]. Monoclonal gammopathy was also present at follow-up lab blood tests as seen in more than 90% of cases [2, 4]. There are several possible prophylactic treatments, which include B2-agonists, thalidomide, calcium channel blockers and chemotherapy with limited evidence considering the rarity of the disease. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered in the last 12 months of follow-up with no relapses adding to the hypothesis that this may represent an effective prophylaxis [4,14]. CONCLUSION Bilateral ankle fusion improved this SCLS patient functional outcome by restituting the walking capacity. One late failed arthrodesis was the major complication and may require a secondary procedure although the patient is currently asymptomatic. Four surgeries were performed with no SCLS attacks recurrence registered at 38 months follow-up period. Prophylactic human immunoglobulin may have contributed to the absence of relapses. Although surgical correction of SCLS skeletal deformities sequelae represents an orthopaedic challenge, we believe that this treatment should be considered in previously autonomous highly motivated active patients. REFERENCES 1. Clarkson B, Thompson D, Horwith M, Luckey EH. Cyclical edema and shock due to increased capillary permeability. Am J Med. 1960 Aug;29:193-216. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934360900188 2. Atkinson JP, Waldmann TA, Stein SF, Gelfand JA, Macdonald WJ, Heck LW, Cohen EL, Kaplan AP, Frank MM. Systemic capillary leak syndrome and monoclonal IgG gammopathy; studies in a sixth patient and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977 May;56(3):225-39. http://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Citation/1977/05000/SYSTEMIC_CAPILLARY_LEAK_SYNDROME_AND_MONOCLONAL.4.aspx 3. Sanghavi R, Aneman A, Parr M, Dunlop L, Champion D. Systemic capillary leak syndrome associated with compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2006 Jun;34(3):388-91. http://www.aaic.net.au/document/?D=2005303 4. Gousseff M, Arnaud L, Lambert M, Hot A, Hamidou M, Duhaut P, Papo T, Soubrier M, Ruivard M, Malizia G, Tieulià © N, Rivià ¨re S, Ninet J, Hatron PY, Amoura Z. The systemic capillary leak syndrome: a case series of 28 patients from a European registry. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Apr 5;154(7):464-71. http://annals.org/aim/article/746914/systemic-capillary-leak-syndrome-case-series-28-patients-from-european 5. Kyeremanteng K, DEgidio G, Wan C, Baxter A, Rosenberg H. Compartment Syndrome as a Result of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome. Case Rep Crit Care 2016;2016:4206397. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027304/ 6.   Wang X, Ma X, Zhang C, Huang JZ, Gu XJ, Jiang JY. Ankle fusion with a retrograde locked intramedullary nail for sequela of lower extremity compartment syndrome. Chin J Traumatol. 2012;15(3):140-4. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1008127515302911 7. Lintz F, Colombier JA, Letenneur J, Gouin F. Management of long-term sequelae of compartment syndrome involving the foot and ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Sep;30(9):847-53. http://fai.sagepub.com/content/30/9/847.abstract 8. Jennison T, McNally M, Pandit H. Prevention of infection in external fixator pin sites. Acta Biomater. 2014 Feb;10(2):595-603. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706113004790 9. Berend ME, A biomechanical comparison of intramedullary nail and crossed lag sure fixation for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9347301 10. Coillard JY, Petri GJ, van Damme G, Deprez P, Laffenà ªtre O. Stabilization of proximal interphalangeal joint in lesser toe deformities with an angulated intramedullary implant. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Apr;35(4):401-7. http://fai.sagepub.com/content/35/4/401.long 11. Henricson A, Kamrad I, Rosengren B, Carlsson Ã…. Bilateral Arthrodesis of the Ankle Joint: Self-Reported Outcomes in 35 Patients From the Swedish Ankle Registry. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016 Sep 7. pii: S1067-2516(16)30176-4. http://www.jfas.org/article/S1067-2516(16)30176-4/abstract 12. Asomugha EU1, Den Hartog BD, Junko JT, Alexander IJ. Tibiotalocalcaneal Fusion for Severe Deformity and Bone Loss. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Mar;24(3):125-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26829585 13. Amoura Z, Papo T, Ninet J, Hatron PY, Guillaumie J, Piette AM, Blà ©try O, Dequiedt P, Talasczka A, Rondeau E, Dutel JL, Wechsler B, Piette JC. Systemic capillary leak syndrome: report on 13 patients with special focus on course and treatment. Am J Med. 1997 Dec;103(6):514-9. http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(97)00272-6/abstract 14. Marra AM1, Gigante A, Rosato E. Intravenous immunoglobulin in systemic capillary leak syndrome: a case report and review of literature. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014 Mar;10(3):349-52. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/1744666X.2014.882771

The relevance of coaching and mentoring

The relevance of coaching and mentoring Coaching and mentoring both are considered to be very important activities in organisation working in the current business era, where there is high competition among different competitors in market with different types of quality products and services. All these organisations in modern management strongly believe in the development of the human resources in their as they consider humans as an asset and important resource for achievement of their organisational goals and objectives. So the make human able to carry out their job roles successfully and to make sure the achievement of the organisation objective by their hard work, skills and motivation, organisations arrange activities like coaching and mentoring to achieve their objectives through human resources in the organisation. Coaching and mentoring are popular capacity-building tools, especially in the area of leadership development. They are often mentioned in proposals and reviews as key elements of good capacity-building practice. Yet despite their current status, many of us are unclear what coaching and mentoring really involves, and where and when they work. [6] This assignment is about the understanding of the basic concepts of coaching and mentoring, the basic definitions of these two terms, what is the difference among the concepts and processes of coaching and mentoring, and what are the processes that organisation use to hire or develop a proper coach or mentor in their organisation. Objectives of Assignment This assignment is divided into two task, following are the objectives and requirements of each individual tasks. Task 1 The objectives / requirements of task one of assignment are Define the terms mentoring and coaching Demonstrate a critical and clear understanding of the differences between mentoring and coaching Critical reflection of skills required to be an effective coach and mentor Coaching and mentoring processes Leadership behaviors (particular attention must be paid to theories on motivation, learning and emotional intelligence) and styles that accommodate mentoring and coaching strategies Task 2 Following are the objectives / requirements of the task two of the assignment Critically evaluate how the current academic debate on coaching and mentoring will enable you as a Human Resources Manager to instill the importance and value of coaching and mentoring to organizations. Critically reflect on how your academic research on coaching and mentoring has contributed to the development of your subject knowledge on Human resources. Critically reflect on your achievement of any two of the module learning outcomes Definition of Mentoring Mentoring is an indefinite, relationship based activity with several specific but wide ranging goals. It does not have to be a formal process. The mentor is a facilitator who works with either an individual or a group of people over an extended time period. The agenda is open and continues to evolve over the longer term. Mentoring seeks to build wisdom the ability to apply skills, knowledge and experience to new situations and processes. [2] Mentoring relationships can deliver a number of critical benefits to nonprofit organizations and their employees. They can accelerate learning and expand the overall competency base of staff. They can help assure organizational agility, flexibility, and resourcefulness in difficult times, drawing on the guidance of seasoned professionals. They can improve the quality of work products and services through the use of feedback loops. They can strengthen networks and build collaborative ties between the organizations or work units where mentors and mentees are based. And they can help protect nonprofits from unforeseen liabilities, as mentors help mentees assess risks and manage challenges. Mentorship fosters employee loyalty and commitment, improving morale while enriching organizational culture making it more humane and accountable to community. [3] The activities of mentoring a very important when there are some persons in organization at senior positions, got good experience of working with organization, have good knowledge of organization products and services, good understanding of the organizational structures and procedures, and that person wants to voluntarily or through the set procedure of the mentoring for the organization with new and un experienced employees in very informal, and friendly way. Different organization irrespective of the structure, size and business of the organization are getting benefits from the process and procedures of mentoring. Definition of Coaching To survive and make the organization a prosper institute in the tough era of competition, it is needed from the organizations to perform at their best with high level of effectiveness and motivation towards the achievement of their organizational goals and objectives. This clearly indicate that certain skills like leadership skills, taking right decision on right time (decision making) relationships between different staff members, creation and innovation activities, time management, stress management, controlling issue of high importance, conducting and controlling meetings effectively are all those skills and activities which the organizations has to be at very best in order to capture a prominent position in the market. To carry out all the above activities in proper way the organization can grab the benefits of all these, the term coaching are use. As there is no one agreed on definition of coaching exit but different management writer have come up with their own definition, in all of them some terms remains the same like working for the betterment of skills and informations in organization through a very structured process. The term coaching includes activities related to developing the organizational capacity of whole organization (such as increasing leadership for instructional reform). It includes helping management and employees reallocate their resources and improve their use of data in the service of improving instruction and it includes activities directly related to improving instruction (such as one on one observation and feedback of employees instructional strategies and small group learning of new content and pedagogy). [1] The focus of coaching is on meeting very specific objectives within a set period of time. Coaching is mainly concerned with performance and the development of certain skills. It usually takes place on a one-to-one basis and has a very specific purpose. There is usually a planned program with a much shorter timeframe than in mentoring, so the learning goals are usually determined in advance. [2] Mentoring and coaching can be stand alone activities, but they can also be used to complement each other. Characteristics of coaching Following are the main characteristics of the coaching presented by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), and most of the coaching professionals agree with these characteristics and consider these characteristics as fundamentals for coaching activities in the organization. This is development through one to one discussion. Give people understanding on their weaknesses and strengths. The aim of coaching is to address a specific issue. It is considered as short term activity, but its impact is very long term. This is known as non directive development The purpose of coaching is the improvement of performance and enhancing skills of individuals and team members working in the organization. It addresses different issues with the internal environment of the organization, and external organization. The organizations conduct coaching activities for the achievement of both organizational and individual goals. This is time specific activity. It works on the premise that clients are self-aware, or can achieve self-awareness. It is a skilled activity Benefits of coaching and mentoring The coaching and mentoring helps organization in enhancing their human resources skills and make them able to carry out their job roles and responsibilities in way which is efficient, effective and which helps the management of the organization to achieve their business goals and organization objectives. The coaching and mentoring makes the management able to fold the employees activities and role in the way that they want, it helps individuals working in organization in the improvement of their personal and professional skills, and make the employees able to achieve their individual targets and those of organization. It provide the employees a safe space to delegate Enhance the skills which the individuals encompass Ability of learning new skills Provide an insight into yours skills as a coach and mentor and also to those of others. Get unbiased, confidential support Provide fresh prospective on the related issues to work, workplace and organization environment. Provide the opportunity to make biased things clear between the individuals in the organization. Difference between coaching and mentoring The differences between coaching and mentoring are often considered being very min, even most of the people think it coaching and mentoring as different names of same concepts, and it can be difficult to distinguish between coaching, mentoring and counseling. In practice, mentoring for example is sometimes used interchangeably with coaching. Traditionally, however, mentoring in the workplace has tended to describe a relationship in which a more experienced colleague used their greater knowledge and understanding of the work or workplace to support the development of a more junior or inexperienced member of staff. Similarly, it can be hard to draw a clear distinction between coaching and counseling, not least because many of the theoretical underpinnings of coaching are drawn from the worlds of counseling and therapy. For the purpose of managing coaching services the key distinction to be drawn is that coaching is for those who are psychologically well; a coach should be able to recognize where an individual is so distressed by personal or social issues that he or she needs to be referred to specialist counseling or other support. Coaching and mentoring processes According to Robert Dilts different organizations and individuals work on development activities in different forms, these activities are conducted by managers sometime while by some organizations uses the concept and approach of internal and external mentors and coaches. Robert Dilts define the following process for coaching and mentoring Guiding: This the process which leads individuals and groups within organization from their current state to the to a desired state in their personal and professional life, same is the case like a car journey, the person driving is on current location and decides the target location and plan a certain path to reach the target. Coaching: is the process of improving another persons awareness about the deficiencies in his / her field and area of work, sets a target for that individual to achieve and improve a certain behavioral performance. Teaching: is the simple process of helping individuals and groups by an expert person to develop the skills and learning knowledge about a particular thing, place or person. Mentoring: helping to shape an individuals beliefs and values in a positive way; often a longer term career relationship from someone who has done it before Counseling: is the process of helping an individual to improve performance by resolving situations from the past. Every event that occurs in coaching is tied to activities in someones head. (Some people may argue that coaching is more heart based. Whatever your perspective is on this, consider that emotions have correlates in the brain too.) This means that a brain-based approach should underpin and explain every good coaching model and provide the field with an underpinning science. A brain-based approach is going to be inclusive and bring the disparate field to greater cohesion. Second, a brain-based approach to coaching looks attractive when you think about the other contenders for a foundational discipline, the obvious one being psychology. From an organizational perspective, psychology suffers from a mixed history and a perception of being unscientific. While psychologists are the first people called on if someone is in crisis, most senior leaders would not consider them for improving performance because of the bias they assume psychologists have for therapeutic languages and models. A brain-based approach on the other hand is something tangible and physical. We live in a materialistic world where organizations respect things that can be measured. To bring about the wide- scale use of coaching as a learning or transformation tool, we need to speak to organizations in a language they understand. [4] The main reason it may be time to build a brain-based approach to coaching is simply how profoundly useful this approach is. It is interesting to be able to explain in scientific terms why the brain needs coaches, but it is even more useful to know how coaching helps the brain improve its functioning. This points us to ways we can better measure, manage and deliver coaching initiatives, whether one to one, training internal coaches, or in teaching coaching skills to thousands of leaders. [4] When to choose coaching and mentoring For the management of any organization it is very important to choose between the activities of coaching and mentoring, their always remain some space for the improvement in organization, but the selection of activities of coaching or mentoring largely depends on the nature of the improvement that the management wants in organization, or the weaknesses they feel and want to overcome on. The below table shows information regarding coaching and mentoring and will provide idea to the management of the organization on what to chose and when to chose. Mentoring may be best whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Coaching may be best whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The employee needs an expert or sponsor The employee will benefit from specific knowledge about the organizations culture, values, and norms, especially when the information is informal and difficult to obtain from traditional sources The employee is reasonably clear about their career and developmental goals The employee will be helped by receiving direction The employee is a senior or more experienced leader; or where developmental issues may require strict confidentiality There is a strong desire or need to practice, apply, or implement new skills and behaviors, and excellent complement to traditional training. The employee realizes there is a gap between where they are and where they want to be (skills, knowledge, career, achievement, etc), but isnt sure how to address it The employee will be helped by sustained, objective support Skills required for good coach and mentor Getting people to change is becoming increasingly important in our rapidly changing work environment. The dominant view of organizational leaders is that getting people to change just requires information and the right motivation: we need to know what has to be changed, and then use incentives to inspire people to behave differently. This is a reductionist perspective, which works well in any linear system: if a machine breaks down, we work out logically where the source of the problem is, and then simply replace the part. However, if the thing broken is someones communication style, finding this out and trying to replace the part is not realistic. In fact, the more information we have about a human problem, the deeper the problem may become. [5] The above discussion shows the complication of the process of coaching and mentoring, that both of these are not an easy task to do, and it often requires skills, abilities and experience in the relevant field for the person who is going to take the position as coach or mentor in the organization. The skills required by a coach or mentor also depends on the field in which he / she is going to provide the mentoring or coaching facility, following is brief description of the most popular skills required by a coach and mentor in order to fully satisfy the needs of his / her job role. Skills required for good coach As coaching is a very structures and organized activity in each and every organization, so the person who is to be called coach must be having enough skills and abilities to organize people, lead people, and plan well in order to improve the humans skills and abilities and also to overcome on their weaknesses. Following are core skills to be found in a good coach. Must be able to provide facilitate clarification of the goal Available to employees all the time to guide them from a start point to the finish Maintain a threshold to keep focus/track Provide sufficient knowledge and help to employees that they may overcome on hurdles in pursuit of the goal. Strong Interpersonal Skills Technical Competence Patience Trustworthiness A Non-judgmental Attitude Belief in Lifelong Learning Skill at Providing Instructional Support Good Listening Skills Skills required for a Mentor As mentoring is more focused on individual relations in organization, normally this relation exits between an experienced and new staff member, the experienced member of staff is normally called as mentor, so the requirements from mentor is that he / she must have enough experience to work for that organization, and have all the related data and information on the products, services, and structure of the organization. A successful mentor should have the following skills Able to corrects mistakes Acts as a personal cheering squad Guides in improving the future Provides counsel and wisdom Supports the journey from fantasy to reality Provokes thought and wider perspectives Leadership behaviors and styles The activities and processes of coaching and mentoring needs the role of leader in organization who initiate the process, set the targets for it, and then plan the procedures to achieve the targets by proper coaching and mentoring activities, and during these activities also evaluate the process and its success by setting milestones, and motivate their team members and employees towards the achievement of their career and organization business objectives. Coaching and mentoring are two personal development methods that nurture a persons own abilities in order to improve behavior and performance. The processes of coaching and mentoring are similar insofar as they are both a series of conversations (spoken or written) between two individuals. However, there are subtle but significant differences in aim, emphasis and style. Coaching tends to be viewed as more task-oriented, skills-focused, directed and time-bound, whereas mentoring is more focused on open-ended personal development. The reality is that there is considerable convergence and overlap between these approaches. To get the best out of mentoring and coaching, we need to start by exploring their origin, evolution and application to leadership development. [6] The achievement of organizational goals largely depends on the humans working for that organization organizes different activities and the results of those activities depends on how much they are dedicated towards those activities and how much the organization staff members are motivated. The word motivation is common in everyday language, but is not easy to define rigorously in a scientific context. The concept of motivation is related to, but distinct from other concepts, such as instincts, drives, and reflexes. Motivated behavior is usually goal oriented; the goal may be associated with a drive such as hunger or thirst (called primary motivation). However, motivation is also closely tied to sensory stimuli: an animal will not usually exhibit eating behavior unless food is presented. Unlike instinctive behavior, motivation depends on affect (emotional state). Finally, motivation can be learned (in which case it is called secondary motivation) and typically elicits more complex beha viors than simple reflexes. Motivation theories and coaching / mentoring There are so many motivation theories by different management writer; the focus of each and every motivational theory is on the fulfillments of the needs of individual working for that organization and through highly motivated humans the achievement of the organizational goals. In this part of the assignment I will focus only on one motivational theory (Hull theory) which is very closely related to the gaining motivation of employees through different activities of coaching and mentoring. Hulls Theory Hulls theory provides a framework within which motivated behavior can be analyzed. Hull (1943) proposed that the initiation of learned, or habitual, patterns of movement or behavior is called motivation. In addition, Hull proposed a distinction between primary motivation, the evocation of action in relation to primary needs, and secondary motivation, the evocation of action in relation to secondary reinforcing stimuli or incentives. Primary motivation is the cornerstone of Hulls drive reduction theory. According to Hull, events that threaten survival give rise to internal drive states, and behaviors that act to reduce drive are thus rewarding. For instance, lack of food causes an increase in the hunger drive, and the consumption of food is rewarding because it leads to a reduction in the hunger drive. In our daily experiences we are faced with a continuously fluctuating combination of multiple drives and incentives. Somehow we must be able to select the behavior that is most appropriate in a given situation, while suppressing other, less adequate behaviors. Thus, motivated behavior requires a form of competition. According to Hull, at any given time the behavior with the greatest potential to reduce a given drive is released. If the drive persists, that behavior is inhibited, and the second strongest response in the drive hierarchy will be released, and so on. The concept of the Hulls theory shows that organization can get the benefits of the employees skills and knowledge about the job role if that employee is highly motivated, and motivation can only be gained through proper process of coaching and mentoring activities. Assignment Task 2 The requirements from this task are to measure and critical evaluate the current academic debate, and also a critical reflection of the learning during this course and assignment. Evaluation of academic debate We have described motivation as the internal force that energizes behaviors, and that determines which particular behavior will be emitted in response to a given set of environmental stimuli and to the internal needs of an organism. Motivation is a complex topic of research that has been studied from many different approaches. During this coursework I come across the different areas of management which focuses on the development of human resources in the organizations in order to achieve the organization goals and objectives, coaching and mentoring are the two most important activities in this regard which are most widely used and practiced in different organizations. The theories of different management writers have declare the motivation as the key factor in getting human involve in the activities of the organization which will not only results in the betterment of the individual skills and learning but also make the organization goals achievements realistic one. The academic debate during this course was very enough to meet the requirements in proper way and make the students able to understand the core of the issues which influences organization business and why they need to have an individual or group of individuals as coach and mentor in the organization and they use different motivation concepts in order to motivate the organization staff to get the desired results of the process. The nature of coaching and mentoring activities also depend largely on the size and structure of the organization, the nature of their business, the products and services they produce and how much they are focused on the personal and professional skills development of the humans working for them. These activities help in micro skills development, and the micro-skills of coaching include helping the manager develop the skills and attitudes to help and individual manage situations from within their own resources (Egan, 2004). During this stage of the training, the individual is introduced to the concepts of Empathy, Respect and Genuineness. Reflection on academic learning During this module I come across different concepts of human resource development in the organization, how to motivate individuals working for organization, how the management of the organization implement different management theories in order to get the desired results of the activities like coaching and mentoring, the process of human resource development and motivation, that how an individual working for or on the behalf of the organization can be motivated to put their hundred percent in performing their job role and focusing toward their personal and professional skills development, and through the proper use of their skills and knowledge the achievement of their organizational goals and objectives, while the employees must understand the importance of the coaching and mentoring activities which the management of the organization conduct for them and actively participate in those activities for their own personal and professional skills development, and learn the knowledge and information which will make them able to perform their job role very efficient and effectively. Conclusion and Recommendations To achieve the business goals and organizational objectives organizations use the different approaches which are discussed in very detail in this assignment. In this part the conclusion is given of the overall debate some recommendations for organization management who wish to improve the standard of coaching and mentoring in their organizations. Coaching had its origins in the world of sports, with coaches helping competitors to achieve success through structured and focused instruction and tutoring. In the 1980s, executives of major companies realized the potential a coaching-style intervention could have in helping them to work more effectively. Such approaches also permeated the development world. In the 1990s the Community Development Resource Association (CDRA) in South Africa was using such an approach as part of its development practitioner formation programs. Mentoring has been practiced in different cultures for hundreds of years. But it is only recently that mentoring has been (re)discovered by the private sector, and now by the civil society sector, as a mechanism for leadership development. The origin of mentoring can be traced back to Greek mythology. When Odysseus left home to fight in the Trojan War, he placed an old, trusted family friend, Mentor, in charge of his household, thereby delegating responsibility for protecting and educating his son Telemachus. A mentor therefore conjures up images of a wise and trusted advisor or counselor. Some African scholars make the point that such roles were commonplace in Africa long before ancient Greek civilization. The extensive literature on coaching and mentoring reveals no single definition of either term, but rather a collection of definitions that help form a picture of what the processes involve. Much of the literature explores different models that can be used and adapted by coaches and mentors, depending on their personal style and their situation. According to many definitions, while coaching and mentoring share the same principles, coaching is primarily focused on performance within the current job and emphasizes development tools, while mentoring focuses on longer-term goals and developing capability. The word motivation is common in everyday language, but is not easy to define rigorously in a scientific context. The concept of motivation is related to, but distinct from other concepts, such as instincts, drives, and reflexes. Motivated behavior is usually goal oriented; the goal may be associated with a drive such as hunger or thirst (called primary motivation). Those organizations who wish to improve the standard of their human resources through structured process of coaching and mentoring, I will suggest the following in light of what I studied during this course and preparation of the assignment. Try to make the human resource management department well structured and influential on the decision making regarding human development in the organization. Hire only those individuals as coach or mentor in the organization who have past track record of working in such organization environment. Satisfy the needs of the human resources in order to make them highly motivated. Motivated employees can only focus towards their personal and professional skills development and can contribute to the goals and objective achievement of the organization. The organization needs to invest in their human resource, and this investment will lead them to become the market leader in their product and services. The management should always identify the weak areas and the need for coaching or mentoring, and the employees should fully cooperate with the management to achieve the best of results from the process.