Restorative Justice and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Mennonites and other practitioners in Ontario, Canada, and later in Indiana, experimented with victim offender encounters that led to programs in these communities and later became models for programs throughout the world. Restorative justice theory developed initially from these particular efforts[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The restorative justice movement originally began as an effort to rethink the needs which crimes create, as well as the roles implicit in crimes. Restorative justice advocates were concerned about needs that were not being met in the usual justice process[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The criminal justice system’s approach to justice has some important strengths. Yet, there is also a growing acknowledgment of this system’s limits and failures. Victims, offenders, and community members often feel that justice does not adequately meet their needs. Justice professionals, who make up the core components, such as: judges, lawyers, prosecutors, probation and parole officers, and prison staff frequently express a sense of frustration as well. Many feel that the process of justice deepens societal wounds and conflicts rather than contributing to healing or peace[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Interdisciplinary study and research in public safety and restorative justice is very important. Restorative justice at this day in age will not replace the current court system, but it offers an alternative resolution service for people who want to try another approach. For example, some places are offering mediated victim and offender community conferences. These conferences provide facilitators to help victims and offenders seek reconciliation and resolution. Restorative justice seeks alternatives to continue to put more and more people in jail. Restorative justice seeks sentences that make amends to the victim of crime and to the community as a whole [(Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative Justice 3 My related feel of study is criminal justice. The criminal justice system is not a perfect system by far. The criminal justice system is concerned about holding offenders accountable, but that means making sure offenders get the punishment they deserve. The restorative justice approach focuses on the harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. Restorative justice recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities. Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative byproducts of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability. Real accountability involves facing up to what one has done. It means encouraging offenders to understand the impact of their behavior, the harms they have done, and urging them to take steps to put things right as much as possible[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative justice and the criminal justice system are two systems that have different views. Restorative justice focuses on harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. It recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur, and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities[ (Kelly, 2001) ]. The criminal justice system has three core components, police, courts, and corrections. Each core component has a different function in the criminal justice system. The police functions are to enforce specific laws, investigate specific crimes, earch people, vicinities, buildings, arrest or detain people. The police function is primarily a function of cities and states (Overview, 2008). The courts functions are broken down into prosecutors, judges and magistrates. The prosecutors file charges or petitions for adjudication, seek indictments, drop cases and reduce charges. Restorative Justice 4 The judges and magistrates set bail or conditions for release, accept pleas, determine delinquency, dismiss charges, impose sentences, and revoke probation (Overview, 2008). The corrections components are correctional officials and paroling authorities. Correction officials assign to type of correctional facility, award privileges, and punish for disciplinary infractions. The paroling authorities determine date and conditions of parole and revoke parole. Corrections are a primary function of the state and government (Overview, 2008). Throughout the United States the criminal justice system is in a state of crisis. The public is fearful and angry. Practitioners are weary and frustrated. Criminal justice policy is driven more by anecdote than systematic information. Costs of current policies are not sustainable over long periods. Victims are often re-victimized in the process.

Search Engines Still Fail to Disclose Ads †Internet Marketing Research Article (300 Level Course)

Search Engines Still Fail to Disclose Ads – Internet Marketing Research Article (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Search Engines Still Fail to Disclose Ads Internet Marketing Research Article (300 Level Course) Consumer Reports WebWatch released the fourth part of an ongoing research project to see the ways search engines identify and explain paid search results. This study found little improvement over the last year, and came to the conclusion that the 15 search engines examined had unsatisfactory results. The key areas that sites were rated on were prominence of disclosure headings, clarity and accessibility of disclosure statements. Half the sites rated stayed the same, a third got worse, and only three of the fifteen sites actually improved. The web sites varied in their responses to dealing with this problem. Some moved or changed the color of these elements from a bright color to a dull color. These sites changed the color from the vibrant color like red to the dull gray. The direct hyperlinks were moved from the â€Å"sponsored links† to the disclosure page making it hard to find the information that told about the paid advertisements in the search results. Ask Jeeves and Yahoo! Search were downgraded while AOL Search, Google, and Yahoo! Search Marketing had good marks. MSN Search showed the best improvement because they discontinued their paid inclusion and paid content promotion. WebWatch insists they are not trying to abolish paid placement or paid inclusion. They just want search engines to dully disclose that certain results appear because of a paid relationship and not because of the relevance to the search query. This study started in 2002 and 60% of consumers were unaware of search engines’ paid placement programs. The paid placement programs means that sites that pay have preferred placement in the search results. The FTC used the WebWatch study in a letter to search engines calling for â€Å"clear and conspicuous disclosure† of paid placement and paid inclusion in search results. The FTC was prompted to action by a consumer advocacy group, Commercial Alert, in 2001 that brought this issue to head. In 2003 the WebWatch study found consumers surprised when they found out that some search results are there because they are paid for. The most recent study created an evaluation tool based on the FTC guidelines and found that most of the 15 search engines had made some efforts to meet the FTC recommendations but none were making the relationship between paid advertising and search results very clear. Research Papers on Search Engines Still Fail to Disclose Ads - Internet Marketing Research Article (300 Level Course)Unreasonable Searches and SeizuresHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperQuebec and CanadaLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essays

Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essays Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essay Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essay Strengths * Bharti Airtel has more than 65 million customers (July 2008). It is the largest cellular provider in India, and also supplies broadband and telephone services as well as many other telecommunications services to both domestic and corporate customers. * Other stakeholders in Bharti Airtel include Sony-Ericsson, Nokia and Sing Tel, with whom they hold a strategic alliance. This means that the business has access to knowledge and technology from other parts of the telecommunications world. * The company has covered the entire Indian nation with its network. This has underpinned its large and rising customer base. Weaknesses * An often cited original weakness is that when the business was started by Sunil Bharti Mittal over 15 years ago, the business has little knowledge and experience of how a cellular telephone system actually worked. So the start-up business had to outsource to industry experts in the field. * Until recently Airtel did not own its own towers, which was a particular strength of some of its competitors such as Hutchison Essar. Towers are important if your company wishes to provide wide coverage nationally. The fact that the Airtel has not pulled off a deal with South Africas MTN could signal the lack of any real emerging market investment opportunity for the business once the Indian market has become mature. Opportunities * The company possesses a customized version of the Google search engine which will enhance broadband services to customers. The tie-up with Google can only enhance the Airtel brand, and also provides advertising opportunities in Indian for Google. * Global telecommunications and new technology brands see Airtel as a key strategic player in the Indian market. The new iPhone will be launched in India via an Airtel distributorship. Another strategic partnership is held with BlackBerry Wireless Solutions. * Despite being forced to outsource much of its technical operations in the early days, this allowed Airtel to work from its own blank sheet of paper, and to question industry approaches and practices for example replacing the Revenue-Per-Customer model with a Revenue-Per-Minute model which is better suited to India, as the company moved into small and remote villages and towns. The company is investing in its operation in 120,000 to 160,000 small villages every year. It sees that less well-off consumers may only be able to afford a few tens of Rupees per call, and also so that the business benefits are scalable using its Matchbox strategy. * Bharti Airtel is embarking on another joint venture with Vodafone Essar and Idea Cellular to create a new independent tower company called Indus Towers. This new business will control more than 60% o f Indias network towers. IPTV is another potential new service that could underpin the companys long-term strategy. Threats * Airtel and Vodafone seem to be having an on/off relationship. Vodafone which owned a 5. 6% stake in the Airtel business sold it back to Airtel, and instead invested in its rival Hutchison Essar. Knowledge and technology previously available to Airtel now moves into the hands of one of its competitors. * The quickly changing pace of the global telecommunications industry could tempt Airtel to go along the acquisition trail which may make it vulnerable if the world goes into recession. Perhaps this was an impact upon the decision not to proceed with talks about the potential purchase of South Africas MTN in May 2008. This opened the door for talks between Reliance Communications Anil Ambani and MTN, allowing a competing Inidan industrialist to invest in the new emerging African telecommunications market. * Bharti Airtel could also be the target for the takeover vision of other global telecommunications players that wish to move into the Indian market. Airtel comes to you from Bharti Airtel Limited, Indias largest integrated and the first private telecom services provider with a footprint in all the 23 telecom circles. Bharti Airtel since its inception has been at the forefront of technology and has steered the course of the telecom sector in the country with its world class products and services. The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been structured into three individual strategic business units (SBUs) Mobile Services, Airtel Telemedia Services Enterprise Services.

All About the Periodic Table

All About the Periodic Table The periodic table of the elements is one of the most important tools used by chemists and other scientists because it summarizes useful information about the chemical elements in a format that shows relationships between the elements. Get Your Own Periodic Table You can find the periodic table in any chemistry textbook, plus there are apps for referring to the table from your phone. However, sometimes its nice to be able to have one open on your computer, to  save one to your desktop, or to print one off. Printed periodic tables are great because you can mark them up and not worry about ruining your book. Use Your Periodic Table A tool is only as good as your ability to use it! Once you are familiar with the way the elements are organized, you can locate them more quickly, get information from the periodic table, and draw conclusions about the properties of elements based on their location on the table. Periodic Table History Many people consider Dmitri Mendeleev to be the Father of the Modern Periodic Table. Mendeleevs table was slightly different from the table we use today in that his table was ordered by increasing atomic weight and our modern table is ordered by increasing atomic number. However, Mendeleevs table was a true periodic table because it organizes the elements according to recurring trends or properties. Get to Know the Elements Of course, the periodic table  is all about the elements. The elements are identified by the number of protons in an atom of that element. Right now, youll see 118 elements on the periodic table, but as more elements are discovered, another row will be added to the table. Quiz Yourself Because its necessary to know what the periodic table is and how to use it, you can expect to be tested about it from grade school pretty much until the end of time. Before your grade is on the line, probe your strengths and weaknesses with online quizzes. You might even have fun!

Acquisition and Disposal of Land and Real Estate Essay

Acquisition and Disposal of Land and Real Estate - Essay Example The acquisition of land and real estate requires an official process that is based on risk analysis, and financial analysis.Real estate refers to things which are not movable for example land and improvements permanently attached to it. There is a difference between real estate and real property. The ownership rights that are associated with the real estate are called real property. During acquisition of real estate, the investor acquires the land, all the physical assets of the land and all the things which are permanently attached to it. The investor also gets property rights which include the right to control, occupy, develop, exploit, lease, improve, and sell the real estate.It is important to differentiate between real estate and real property because different parties have different rights on a given part of real estate. Property rights can also be described as the right of a person to use, dispose, possess and enjoy his property. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004)The value of real est ate is the total price that an individual is willing to pay so as to acquire the benefits associated with all the property rights. It is important to note that it is not necessary for a person to be the owner of the property so as to have rights to it. A person who rents a piece of land is not the owner but he has the exclusive right to use the land as he wishes for a certain period of time. In exchange for the right to use the land, the tenant/lessee is willing to pay a certain amount of money. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) There are certain interests that an investor can acquire from a piece of property. An interest in real estate can be defined as a right or claim on property, production or its revenues. The interest in property is created by the possessor who can pledge the property in order to attain a certain objective with out giving up the property. An example of this is where a person pledges his land as security when he wants a loan from a bank. An easement is an interest in land whereby a person has the right to use the land leased for some special purpose. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) The legal aspect of a real estate acquisition is very important. It can assist in knowing the benefits of other persons who have some rights over the property. Often conflict arises concerning the rights to be given to the people who are holders of interests in the property. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) Classification of Estates There are certain categories of estates that can be differentiated in terms of the nature of rights that come with the ownership of an estate. An estate in possession allows the owner of the land immediate enjoyment of the land. An estate not in possession is a future estate in land and it doesn't give the buyer any rights to the estate until some time in the future. It will not change to an estate in possession until some future occurrence takes place. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) Estates in possession are of two varieties: leasehold and freehold estates. They are differentiated on the basis of the certainty of their duration. A freehold estate lasts for an indefinite period of time which means there is no date that the possession to the estate ends. Leasehold estate ends after a certain amount of time. It is a right to possess and use the property owned by another for a period of time. Examples of leasehold estates include the renting a residential estate whose contract is to be signed every year. A freehold estate can be the purchase of a home in the suburbs which can be leaved in generation after generation. (Fisher & Bruegg

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Anything - Essay Example In order for one to get good housing the amount of money he is paid becomes a factor. This essay will examine the trends in house inequalities and the financial position of an individual in details. The constant gap in house ownership rates between whites and black has continued to increase though barriers in homeownership for the minority groups were lifted long time ago. The current housing policy now targets minority homeownership with the specific intention of closing the gap in house ownership among different groups. The informal development of urban land which was traditionally perceived as an important way through which the poorest residents of the urban centers got shelter. This has changed since increasingly middle, and high-income households are buying land informally for housing. It is clear that those workers who are able to learn new working skills especially in technology will benefit from higher salaries. But on the other hand those who are used to carrying out routine jobs which can be handled by computers and robots will be competing with few jobs or will be pushed into low-skill jobs and hence it will be difficult for them to afford buying better houses (Tally 22). Opportunities for middle-income households to purchase a house on the formal market are limited. Those who come from the families with low income struggle to construct low-cost housing though this is hindered by fluctuations in the price and availability of raw materials which increases construction time and expenses and can stretch the budgets of the developer beyond the monetary capability of the scheme. High monthly costs in both the rental and ownership markets compared to low land prices has encouraged middle-income households to seek shelter through informal channels. Growing demand for informal land has thus placed pressure on supply, resulting in rising land prices, effectively reducing accessibility by

Similarities and Differences Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union Essay

Similarities and Differences Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union Poster Propaganda in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Both the Soviet Union and Germany used propaganda posters to incite their citizens to support the cause of their nations during World War II. In comparing their posters, it is clear that the use of fear was one way in which to incite an emotional response towards the causes that the posters represented. The Soviet Union defined their enemy as outside of the nation, while the Nazis created internal threats through providing images that placed Jewish people in a context with invented threats to diminish their humanity. Differences are also evident in the styles and methods with which the posters were created. Through an examination of Soviet and Nazi propaganda posters of World War II, the styles of the work and the identification of threats can be contrasted for differences and similarities. Jowett and O’Donnell write that â€Å"there was little appreciation of the specific social and political conditions that had made World War I propaganda so effective† (228). The natu re of propaganda is to influence, but in order to create effective influence, the imagery and text had to connect to the social conscious of the viewers. An example of a poster that did not connect to the social conscious that was considered brilliant for its intentions and artistry, but was declined by the Soviet Union government was that of El Lissitzky’s â€Å"Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge† (1919) (see Figure 1). ... Figure 1 Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge (1919) El Lissitzky (Wikipedia) Socialist realism existed â€Å"with its reliance on simple classical styles and photographically accurate forms in a modern context, its demand of realism, its glorification of socialist ideals and achievements, and its anticipation of a utopian communist society† (Frucht 260). The active campaign to produce posters that reflected the desires of the government in order to align the views of the people was done through the TASS studio which adapted the style of the ROSTA posters which were stenciled. Different from the traditions of the ROSTA posters, however, was the desire to create fine art while creating important cultural messages. Where the ROSTA used iconic images that were generally graphic, The TASS studio employed the use of realist paintings as models for the work (Zegers, Druick and Akinsha np). As shown in the work of Figure 2 The Motherland will Never Forget the Heroic Deeds of its  Son s (1947) Viktor Koretsky (David Winter Bell Gallery) Viktor Koretsky, the warmth of the colors and the power of the imagery evoke the national emotions towards their sons and to a pride based in their sacrifices as they give of themselves to a belief system (David Winter Bell Gallery). The posters provide a reason for the losses that they were experiencing, placing meaning with what they have given (see Figure 2). The works were bold with their use of color and just as bold in their use of fear that asserted the concept of killing Germans with a sense of pride and national presence As exampled in the work Death to the German Murderers, the works revealed a sense